/Parent 15 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 1944 Education Act and 1988 Education Reform Act. /Contents 244 0 R /TT2 226 0 R endobj /ExtGState << /ExtGState << >> /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 250 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 22 >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> >> /Font << /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Parent 10 0 R /RBGroups [] /Properties << 0000003223 00000 n 29 0 obj It has stirred up heated responses from supporters of both sides in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and among overseas Chinese communities with its implications of political ideology and cultural identity. /GS0 125 0 R >> /Type /Page Education Reform Act 1988 (ERA88) onwards, we measured changes over time in the tendency for pupils with particular socio-economic characteristics to cluster in particular schools (termed segregation). Following ARE THE Advantaged and Disadvantaged of New Education Policy 2020. >> /Font << << /Font << /Resources << /GS0 125 0 R /Rotate 0 % The school you go to still depends on where you live we see parents swapping council houses to come here. /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /Kids [22 0 R 23 0 R 24 0 R 25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R] /MC0 129 0 R endobj /Parent 11 0 R /ExtGState << Security Through Biometric Authentication: One . << /StructParents 15 /Properties << >> endobj /Rotate 0 << /TT2 159 0 R H[F)NR/RgaUZU-eI|a c;93mo2w7D!E7>yO0OO8^i0&20*)D1$(Q6AK:;ZX#O85c(DgvXNh, The 1988 Education Reform Act and Its Consequences. The aim of this policy is to raise standards. >> experience they had of the education reform. /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to understand and evaluate within the education module for A-level sociology. /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R To make this word schools have been required to publish a prospectus which includes their examination and test results since 1988. /Contents 158 0 R /Rotate 0 /StructParents 38 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 12 0 R /Contents 245 0 R << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R >> >> /TT2 226 0 R /Properties << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << endobj << /Creator (Acrobat PDFMaker 6.0 for Word) >> - Encourages schools to compete and raise standards, - The more pupils, the more funding given to the school (FORMULA FUNDING), - Inequality widens between better performing schools in middle class areas and working class areas. /TT0 120 0 R >> << /Parent 2 0 R /Parent 14 0 R 50 0 obj 108 0 obj /Type /Page /Contents 230 0 R >> /StructParents 84 >> >> /Contents 260 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /Count 10 /Parent 14 0 R %PDF-1.4 74 0 obj /StructParents 28 >> 142 0 R 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R /GS0 125 0 R >> /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> The Middle Classes have more effective choice because of their higher incomes, The Middle classes have more effective choice because of their greater cultural and social capital, Schools become more selective they are more likely to want pupils who are likely to do well. /TT3 121 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 37 /MC0 129 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> 112 0 obj /Nums [0 21 0 R] /TT1 226 0 R /Parent 17 0 R /Type /Pages /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R 69 0 obj /Properties << /ExtGState << endobj /Properties << /Count 10 /Parent 2 0 R >> >> /Type /Pages Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /ExtGState << /Properties << /Resources << /ExtGState << One advantage of standardized testing is that the results of such tests are empirically useful in terms of a large scale. /Rotate 0 >> /GS0 125 0 R endobj /StructParents 60 Theres also the fact that no successive government has actually changed the fundamental foundations of the act, which suggests its working. /Next 112 0 R /MC0 129 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R Which type of school you ended up attending was decided by the 11+ examination, as ever this process had its advantages as well as its disadvantages: Advantages the brightest 15% - 20% went to grammar schools meaning endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Resources << /Dest [108 0 R /XYZ 0 697 null] /GS0 125 0 R Because so many people do not have an education, when they get older, it is damaging their life and the world as a whole. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /ExtGState << >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R endobj /TT2 121 0 R /TT3 226 0 R endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Contents 268 0 R /Parent 13 0 R /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ExtGState << /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /ExtGState << >> /TT1 121 0 R The article highlights a number of inherent contradictions in the Strategy and argues that the central proposals of choice and diversity are unlikely to reduce the gap between disadvantage and . /StructParents 82 /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /Font << /MC0 129 0 R >> /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /TT0 120 0 R Finally, the principle of competition has been applied internationally, in the form of the PISA league tables. >> /TT1 121 0 R >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Rotate 0 12 0 obj /TT2 121 0 R >> And also there are some advantages the society and the economy can get from the k-12 program such as: The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. /Properties << Pros Explained. /Resources << >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] GLOBAL INTEGRATION: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES Globalization is the process by which different societies, cultures, and regional economies integrate through a worldwide network of political ideas through transportation, communication, and trade. /ExtGState << /Contents 293 0 R 30 0 obj 78 0 obj >> << >> >> endobj >> >> >> /TT0 120 0 R /Font << 16 0 obj >> /Rotate 0 /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << endobj >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 67 >> The Pros: Advantages and Applications of Facial Recognition System. The Education Reform Act- Competition and Control, London: Cassell Education limited. /Parent 16 0 R The better performing schools will attract more pupils and more funding and be able to expand. /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << >> /TT0 120 0 R >> 70 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 72 0000005855 00000 n >> /GS0 125 0 R /Font << The 1988 Education act gave more power to parents to choose which school to send their children too and more power to heads of school to manage their own budget, and these two changes together meant that Local Education Authorities lost a lot of their control over how education was managed at the county level. /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 6.0 \(Windows\)) 4.5 / 5 based on 2 ratings? << /Properties << >> >> There are too many bad case studies, often academy chains, being passed around and places where people dont want to work.. Theoretical shortcomings of the thesis are identified, and a reformulated version is suggested which incorporates resistances into the analysis of the education system. >> /TT0 120 0 R endobj /Properties << In that situation, the children of the poor are most likely to suffer.. /Parent 16 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /Font << >> The law provides subsidies ("premium tax credits") to customers with incomes ranging from 100% to 400% of the federal poverty threshold (FPL). >> /TT0 120 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Usage << >> /TT1 226 0 R Educational disadvantage is demonstrated in many ways, most often in poor levels of participation and achievement in the . /Resources << Federal involvement would eliminate the inconsistencies in the system. /Type /Page 0000004490 00000 n << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1944 Education Act (Butler Act), Comprehensive schooling 1965, Advantages and Disadvantages of comprehensive schools and more. >> /MC0 129 0 R /ExtGState << /TT1 231 0 R /Resources << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /StructParents 65 /StructParents 33 0000005213 00000 n /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Resources << /Parent 13 0 R 5 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] 106 0 obj >> /Resources << >> /ExtGState << 40 0 obj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /TT0 120 0 R >> /TT0 120 0 R It firmly placed education in the marketplace, a process that began in the early 1980s under Mrs Margaret . /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /TT2 159 0 R << /CreationDate (D:20040616154025+03'00') /StructParents 1 /GS0 125 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R /TT1 121 0 R 84 0 obj endobj >> >> >> Probably the strongest piece of supporting evidence for the New Rights policies on education is that they have worked to improve GCSE results nearly every year for the last 30 years. endobj /Resources << My own conclusions for what is needed now include reform of school admissions and a broader definition of what we mean by success, one that goes beyond simple test and exam results. /Contents 225 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Parent 12 0 R The education received throughout a childhood determines how the future will be for the new generation. >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page /Parent 12 0 R >> >> >> >> >> /Properties << /Contents 277 0 R /Kids [82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R] /TT0 120 0 R /StructParents 52 /ExtGState << 7 0 obj >> /MC0 129 0 R Advantages. /Parent 11 0 R << >> >> /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /SourceModified (D:20040616123949) endobj /Type /Page /Type /Pages Educational Policy- 1988 Education Reform Act. /TT2 226 0 R /ExtGState << /CreatorInfo << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Type /Page /TT2 121 0 R 13 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << >> /ExtGState << Freedom of choice. /Rotate 0 >> /Parent 16 0 R /Properties << 103 0 obj I agree with that. /Contents 288 0 R >> >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /ExtGState << /StructParents 54 /Resources << /ExtGState << schools increasingly teach to the test In order to look good in league tables which may stifle childrens ability to think critically and laterally. >> >> /Font << /Parent 10 0 R /Rotate 0 >> endobj /GS0 125 0 R /Parent 15 0 R /Dest [23 0 R /XYZ 0 771 null] /Parent 9 0 R >> /StructParents 34 /StructParents 17 These dimensions underpin the curriculum and the ethos of the school. endobj /MC0 129 0 R Extend Medicaid coverage to include all people . /Rotate 0 /Properties << /Properties << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Many of the features of today's education system - from academies to league tables - have their origins in the 1988 Education Reform Act. This thesis reports on research that explored the impact of the Education Reform Act (ERA) (1988) on the provision of Physical Education (PE) and sport in state schools within one Local Education Authority (LEA) in England. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> >> From 1980 parents were allowed to express a preference for the school they wanted to send their children too, the first time parents were realistically able to consider sending their children to schools miles away from where they lived. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /Properties << >> 27 0 obj /Rotate 0 /Properties << /Order [] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Next 114 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ExtGState << Routledge. More lands have been brought to government possession for distribution to landless farmers. /StructParents 88 /Parent 11 0 R >> Avoidance of long commuting times to school. << /MC0 129 0 R /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << Not all students learn at the same pace or have the same skills mastered, particularly those with learning disabilities. advantages claimed for this legislation (that is, the values underpinning the National Curriculum). /Title /TT1 226 0 R /Resources << >> /ExtGState << >> /GS0 125 0 R It is the most significant policy that students need to be able to . /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj /Rotate 0 >> /ExtGState << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Type /Page >> >> 0000052109 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /Kids [72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R] /TT0 120 0 R /Properties << /Prev 115 0 R /PageLabels 5 0 R /TT3 159 0 R /Resources << 44 0 obj /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj as comprehensive schools have such large intakes, it makes discipline more challenging in addition the anonymity students feel in such large schools makes it . /Rotate 0 /Properties << 82 0 obj >> /Properties << endobj /Parent 12 0 R The New Right refers to a set of ideas that emerged in the 1970s. /First 18 0 R To learn about our use of cookies and how you can manage your cookie settings, please see our Cookie Policy. /TT0 120 0 R /MC0 129 0 R endobj /MarkInfo << /Rotate 0 << Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. /ExtGState << /Resources << OFSTED Raised standard because a poor inspection could result in new management being imposed on underperforming schools. critical areas of reform which the policymakers may consider in crafting legislative interventions to broaden and reinforce further the gains of land reform in the country. >> >> /Contents [117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R] /Resources << /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /ExtGState << /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT1 121 0 R >> /TT2 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 19 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Properties << 102 0 obj /TT3 159 0 R 43 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R 0000032161 00000 n /Parent 13 0 R /TT2 226 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /TT0 120 0 R Source: DAR Studies find that benefits such as improved . >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /Font << /Rotate 0 806 8067 22 /TT0 120 0 R The New Right: Underlying Principles. /C2_0 232 0 R /ExtGState << /Rotate 0 /Resources << /Kids [116 0 R] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 32 << Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab. Also, just because powerful governments have expanded marketisation on a global scale, this doesnt necessarily mean it works for everyone, and there are plenty of criticisms of the negative consequences of the 1988 Education Act as below, Below I summarize EIGHT criticisms of the 1988 Education Act, Concern has been expressed over the harmful effects of over-testing on pupils, especially younger pupils. 2. The Best For My Child. /GS0 125 0 R 32 0 obj /GS0 125 0 R << >> 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R 212 0 R >> /Contents 234 0 R >> >> /GS0 125 0 R /GS0 125 0 R 72 0 obj >> The act introduced GCSEs and league tables and laid the foundations for our contemporary competitive education system. /Properties << /Rotate 0 /Contents 233 0 R /MC0 129 0 R /Type /Page /MC0 129 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R When Gary Phillips started his career as a young teacher, the education world was a radically different place. Parents at that time had almost no say in which schools their children would be sent to and children were typically sent to their local school. /Type /Page Several studies have shown that the improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth . >> 0000009252 00000 n /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] What the sociologists call the parentocracy doesnt really exist in places where there are two rather than 20 local schools.. endobj 60 0 obj /MC0 129 0 R 0000052072 00000 n << /Parent 17 0 R /Type /Page startxref >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /StructParents 78 /Properties << endobj >> /Contents 246 0 R /Rotate 0 >> /ExtGState << /Type /Page /First 113 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R endobj /StructParents 75 45 0 obj << >> /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 13 0 R /Font << /Count 2 >> /Rotate 0 Situated in one of the most deprived parts of the country, it was propelled into the national headlines when the former cabinet minister and local parent Oliver Letwin proclaimed at a Tory party conference fringe meeting that he would rather beg on the streets than send his children to the school closest to where he lived. 59 0 obj >> >> /Type /Page /Type /Page 0000002006 00000 n /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /TT1 226 0 R /Properties << /MC0 129 0 R endobj >> /MarkedPDF << /ExtGState << >> << Advantages: 1. /Last 19 0 R 66 0 obj 95 0 obj >> /ExtGState << Gerbil - the great education reform bill, as it was known before . /Parent 12 0 R Education Reform Act (1988) Aims To raise standards To make schools more accountable To run schools on 'market principles' and improve efficiency/competition To give parents (consumers) greater choice Creating an education 'market' so that schools were competing against each other for 'customers' (pupils). /Parent 14 0 R 54 0 obj /ExtGState << endobj /Parent 2 0 R /Font << >> /Resources << /TT1 121 0 R /Type /Page /TT0 120 0 R /Parent 12 0 R 63 0 obj >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /Properties << /TT0 120 0 R /Count 10 /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The Bill was back on track but women teachers had to wait until 29 December 1975, when the Equal Pay Act 1970 came into force, to be paid the same as their male equivalents. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /GS0 125 0 R /TT1 226 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] >> /ExtGState << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT1 121 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /OCGs [7 0 R] << 55 0 obj /Contents 243 0 R endobj /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /Properties << /Properties << >> /MC0 129 0 R /Parent 14 0 R /ExtGState << >> /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 121 0 R 0000035224 00000 n endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] Over the following pages, three people who were directly involved . >> /C2_0 232 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R Grant-maintained status was created by the Education Reform Act 1988, as part of the programme of the Conservative government to create greater diversity in educational provision and to weaken the influence of local education authorities.. GM schools would be owned and managed by their own boards of school governors, rather than the local authority. >> /Type /Page >> /Font << GCSEs and SATs were also introduced as part of the National Curriculum. /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] >> /ExtGState << /MC0 129 0 R Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE, Advantages & disadvantages of The education reform act 1988. /ExtGState << /Parent 15 0 R >> >> >> /MC0 129 0 R 65 0 obj /TT0 120 0 R /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /TT2 226 0 R The Education Reform Act, 1988, has been greeted as an ill wind by many sections of the educational establishment. OFSTED reports are published and underachieving school are shut if they consistently receive bad reports. /Font << 116 0 obj /Rotate 0 endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Type /Page << << /Font << /Parent 17 0 R ERIC is an online library of education research and information, sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education. /GS0 125 0 R >> >> But performance measures (such as the new Progress 8) have now become impenetrable to most parents so may not even be helpful for exercising choice. >> >> >> /Rotate 0 /Contents 131 0 R 0000035523 00000 n >> endobj /Parent 16 0 R /Contents 279 0 R The education reform movement as we have known it is over. Those schools that dont perform so well will go out of business and either close down or be taken over by new management who will run things more efficiently. /TT0 120 0 R Was the ERA a success or a failure? << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /TT0 120 0 R /GS0 125 0 R /StructParents 39 90 0 obj 6 0 obj Teachers must present materials in different ways so that all of the students with different learning styles can understand the material. 57 34 The logic behind league tables was that with all schools following the same curriculum it made it easier for parents to compare and choose between schools (parentocracy), and GCSE and SATs meant every student, and more importantly, every school was assessed using the same type of exam. >> Inequality of Education Opportunity increases the best schools get better and the worst get worse. /Type /Page /StructParents 19 >> >> << /StructParents 45 /Contents 240 0 R /Rotate 0 << /Rotate 0 /StructParents 53 endobj /StructParents 86 /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Font << /TT0 120 0 R /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] >> /Outlines 3 0 R /Font << /Resources << >> /Parent 13 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] /MC0 129 0 R The New Right believed that state schools should also be run like this except that it is the government that funds the schools, not the fee-paying parents. /Font << /Type /Page This is achieved through making schools compete with one another for pupils and government funding, in the same way in which businesses compete with each other for customers, sales and profits. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] The Tory minister Oliver Letwin once said he would rather beg than send his children there. /CropBox [0 0 595 842] /GS0 125 0 R >> /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /Rotate 0 /Type /Page /Parent 14 0 R /TT1 121 0 R 25 0 obj >> /Rotate 0 /Rotate 0 56 0 obj /Type /Page This benefits special education students and general education students alike. << >> /Contents 281 0 R 75 0 obj endobj << >> /GS0 125 0 R endobj /ExtGState << Today it is outstanding on every count, oversubscribed and achieving impressive results with a diverse intake. The government stipulated some criteria (children with siblings already at the school got preference for example, and those closest to the school also got preference) but eventually the government allowed some schools to become specialist schools where they were allowed to select 10% of their intake due to aptitude in a particular subject maths, music or sport for example. /Kids [92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R] /GS0 125 0 R An emphasis on individual freedom responsibility (they are against the welfare state). /GS0 125 0 R /ExtGState << >> << /Rotate 0 /Contents 280 0 R The Education Reform Act of 1988 gave the government the authority to control the programme of study at schools and established a . /Prev 18 0 R 31 0 obj /Contents 227 0 R 2 0 obj >> endobj endobj >> 0000001551 00000 n >> endobj /TT0 120 0 R /TT1 226 0 R >> >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] The national curriculum required that all schools teach the same subject content from the age of 7-16. >> /Contents 247 0 R << love it! 58 0 obj /Resources << /CropBox [0 0 595 842] 17 0 obj /Type /Page /MediaBox [0 0 595 842] /CropBox [0 0 595 842] endobj 0000033023 00000 n Increased trade: NAFTA more than tripled trade between Canada, Mexico, and the United States after it was enacted. 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