But this may not be a fair characterization. She finds a permanent job working for a wealthy and warm-hearted white family called the Fishers. The problem was that Hitler and his generals abandoned the "static" style of WWI fighting for a far more mobile blitzkrieg attack that punched a hole into France through Belgium and the Netherlands. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. They say they aren't allowed to be around her. The Maginot Line by Bryan J. Dickerson, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maginot_Line&oldid=1141389027, Military installations established in 1930, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2011, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Articles with Czech-language sources (cs), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Mostly intact, through the preservation of the French Government, To save manpower (France counted 39 million inhabitants, Germany 70 million), To cover the mobilisation of the French Army. Her incessant cleaning suggests she feels her home has been dirtied through the violation of her daughter. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. Pecolas fourteen-year-old brother, who copeswith his familys problems by running away fromhome. Outpost and Support Point line: Approximately 5km (3mi) behind the border, a line of anti-tank blockhouses that were intended to provide resistance to armoured assault, sufficient to delay the enemy to allow the crews of the C.O.R.F. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. He was opposed by modernists such as Paul Reynaud and Charles de Gaulle, who favoured investment in armour and aircraft. Continue to start your free trial. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. Purchasing The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. Her mother reinforces this connection as well. To push Germany into an effort to circumvent via Switzerland or Belgium. The community knows. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. How do colorism and classism cause this status? The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. The British diplomat Sir Eric Phipps, who attended the conference, commented afterwards that: The London Conference was for the French 'man in the street' one long Calvary as he saw M. Herriot abandoning one by one the cherished possessions of French preponderance on the Reparations Commission, the right of sanctions in the event of German default, the economic occupation of the Ruhr, the French-Belgian railway Rgie, and finally, the military occupation of the Ruhr within a year. On 15 June, infantry divisions of the German 7th Army attacked across the Rhine River in Operation "Small Bear", penetrating the defences deep and capturing the cities of Colmar and Strasbourg. (including. The Maginot Line was a series of fortifications built by France between 1929-34 and subsequently enhanced until 1939. [15] The German statement following The Manchester Guardian's article that Germany did not feel bound by the terms of Versailles and would violate them as much as possible gave much offence in France. That resulted in "the media exaggerating their descriptions by turning the line into an impregnable fortified position that would seal the frontier". As the water table in this region is high, there was the danger of underground passages getting flooded, which the line designers knew would be difficult and expensive to overcome. She begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a martyr. In discussion with General Brousseau, the commander of the Metz sector and other officers, the general outlined the French problem in extending the line to the sea in that placing the line along the Belgian-German border required the agreement of Belgium, but putting the line along the French-Belgian border relinquished Belgium to the Germans. Not affiliated with Harvard College. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. These mixed-race colonial subjects worship their own oppressors, struggling to emulate them. The largest of these structures, Fort Douaumont, was captured by the Germans in 1915 and triggered the infamous Battle of Verdun, the longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, claiming 400,000 French casualties and 350,000 German losses. By referring to the floor as hers, Mrs. Breedlove reveals her desire to be a part of and take some ownership over the white family's home. She returned with her parents to the house, but Henry was gone. When The Maginot Line asks if the girls are looking for someone, Claudia explains they are looking for Pecola. When the little white girl asks Mrs. Breedlove who the black girls were, Mrs. Breedlove assures her that she doesn't need to know: "Hush. (A similar system was developed with armoured steam engines in 19141918.). Cholly, then, is free, without parents or people. In contrast, Pecola spills blackish blueberries all over the floor, underlining the connection between blackness and mess. What does it communicate about the Breedlove household? The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". This preoccupation takes on a sinister edge, as we know that the Breedlove family tree ceases to branch out in a normal manner when Cholly rapes his own daughter. What does the word "festers" mean? [23] Germany had the largest economy in Europe but lacked many of the raw materials necessary for a modern industrial economy (making the Reich vulnerable to a blockade) and the ability to feed its population. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Just six weeks after Hitler began his land invasion of the country, France surrendered to Germany. The Maginot Line allowed France to defend its border with Germany with second-rate fortress troops. In Did you have a question about the first chapter of Bluest Eye. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Furious, Mrs. Breedlove sends the girls away and comforts the little white girl, who has begun to cry. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . The fortifications were built as a result of experiences from the . It is the Maginot Line. $24.99 [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. "The Maginot Line would have done just fine against a German army with no tanks, airplanes or heavy artillery," says Kirchubel, all of which were banned inside Germany after WWI. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. The white woman for whom Pauline worked tries to deal with Pauline, telling her that she will give Pauline the money only if Pauline leaves Cholly. Her love she saves for the Fishers' daughter, while she becomes quick-tempered and abusive with her own children. Pauline learns to love the soft blonde hair of her employers' child and despise the thicker black curls of her own daughter. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Elihue's own education brings him into contact with the Western canon, but in these great works he understands only what he wishes to see. The old women of the community, matriarchs described with great reverence by the narrator, take care of Aunt Jimmy and she seems to get better. These were buried concrete bunkers designed to house and shelter up to a company of infantry (200 to 250 men). The false sense of security contributed "to the development of the "Maginot mentality". This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . [27] For economic reasons, the success of the strategy of la guerre de longue dure would at the very least require Britain to maintain a benevolent neutrality, preferably to enter the war as an ally as British sea power could protect French imports while depriving Germany of hers. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Pauline, in turn, humanizes the horse, and understands that by looking into the animal's eyes one can see that its feelings are as real as those of a human being. "Maginot Line" has acquired a secondary meaning: a defensive barrier or strategy that inspires a false sense of security, according to Merriam-Webster. Pauline points out the hypocrisy of the woman, who says she's thinking of Pauline's future but won't give her the small sum she needs to pay the gas man. Pecolas father, who is impulsive and violentfree, but in a dangerous way. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. [18], After 1918, the German economy was twice as large as that of France; Germany had a population of 70 million compared to France's 40 million, and the French economy was hobbled by the need to reconstruct the enormous damage of World War I, while German territory had seen little fighting. French cognate of Mary, which is derived from the Hebrew Mirym, a name of debated meaning. Mary, Jean-Yves; Hohnadel, Alain; Sicard, Jacques. The fights become more and more violent. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. The girls both admire her and are jealous of her. Andr Maginot finally convinced the government to invest in the scheme. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). Those feelings are gone now, and she thinks less and less about them. He shot at Henry and Henry ran away. By the end of the novel, through Pecola's experience, the MacTeer sisters will have a much better understanding of ruin. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. They nerfed breaking through the line to the nth degree honestly. The Maginot Line was the brainchild of Marshal Joseph Joffre, a French WWI general, but it was hardly a new idea. Cholly has had no one to teach him how to be a fatherAunt Jimmy is so much older that she hardly seems an adequate role model. Friedas experience is frightening and confusing, but she is quickly defended by her protective parents, and Henry is a foolish rather than a threatening figure. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. This section is arguably the most successful part of the novel. This chain of faulty reasoning leads to their decision to procure whiskey for Frieda. Consequently, the Germans invaded through the Low Countries in 1940, passing it to the north. 2. Check out the Hackenberg Maginot Fort, now a military museum offering tours, and the Schoenenbourg Fort. The Nazis knew that the heart of the Maginot Line was nearly impenetrable, so they feinted attacks along the heavily fortified border while they planned for their massive 1940 invasion of France through the Netherlands and Belgium. Such accusations are unfounded". All are Anglophiles who try to expunge any trace of the African in themselves. Border Post line: This consisted of blockhouses and strong houses, which were often camouflaged as inoffensive residential homes, built within a few metres of the border and manned by troops to give the alarm in the event of a surprise attack and to delay enemy tanks with prepared explosives and barricades. How much did the Construction of the Maginot line cost? [4] J.E. This moment is something to bear in mind later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola under similar circumstances. Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. She is lonely and imaginative. She finds her mother singing and behaving strangely, absentmindedly doing the same chore twice. Look like I just didn't care no more after that. Toni Morrison and The Bluest Eye Background. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. . The Maginot Line was impervious . [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. He feels a mix of tenderness and hatred as he rapes Pecola, the tenderness confused and misapplied. France's birth rate had actually been declining since the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Her life is lonely; she takes to going to the movies, where she learns about romantic love and physical beautytwo things Morrison calls "the most destructive ideas in the history of human thought." Teachers and parents! The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. Thus the Germans were able to avoid a direct assault on the Maginot Line by violating the neutrality of Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. One Saturday afternoon in spring, Cholly, while totally drunk, rapes his daughter. Many believe it to mean "sea of bitterness" or "sea of sorrow." However, some sources cite the alternative definitions of "rebellion," "wished-for child," and "mistress or lady of the sea." The name is borne in the Bible by the mother . A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. [16] When the Control Commission was dissolved, the commissioners in their final report issued a blistering statement, stating that Germany had never sought to abide by Part V and the Reichswehr had been engaging in covert rearmament all through the 1920s. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. She finds meaning not in her own family but in romantic movies and in her work caring for a well-to-do white family. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). Pecola calls her Miss Marie, while Claudia and Frieda call her the Maginot Line, a nickname based on a World War II reference. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. These GFM cloches were sometimes used to emplace machine guns or observation periscopes. Its construction created a false sense of security, which was widely believed by the French population. A decoy force sat opposite the line while a second Army Group cut through the Low Countries of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as through the Ardennes Forest, which lay north of the main French defences. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. Czechoslovakia also feared Hitler and began building its own defences. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . 20 to 30 men manned them. Pecola, who calls the Maginot line by her true name, Miss Marie, explains that she is not dangerous. Still, Cain said that the location would be challenging to light and film inside and that artificial sets could be constructed at the studios for a fraction of the cost. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. They argue had those troops been moved north, "it is possible that Heeresgruppe A's advance could have been blunted, giving time for Groupe d'armees 1 to reorganise". $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% [35] The idea was shelved. Claudias father, who works hard to keep the familyfed and clothed. Refine any search. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Complete your free account to access notes and highlights. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. It breaks and the girls run away, scared. What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? They understand that China and Poland are ruined as well but think that they are not fat because they drink whiskey. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. Artillery was coordinated with protective measures to ensure that one fort could support the next in line by bombarding it directly without harm. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. The largest guns were, therefore 135mm (5.3in) fortress guns; larger weapons were to be part of the mobile forces and were to be deployed behind the lines. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. They realize the other prostitutes are not fat, and based on their mother's gossip about the prostitutes believe the reason for this is because they drink whiskey. The thick-walled forts and casemates of the Maginot Line withstood direct hits from German bombers as they were designed to do, but the real action happened far away from that solid line of defense. 10. Considered by many to be an expensive failure, a symbol of French . There are 142 ouvrages, 352 casemates, 78 shelters, 17 observatories and around 5,000 blockhouses in the Maginot Line.[a]. The word cloche is a French term meaning bell due to its shape. When he returned, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him. Keep in mind, says Kirchubel, that the French didn't believe that the Maginot Line alone could win another war with Germany. The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. There are several kinds of armoured cloches. The theme of love's scarcity can be seen in the treatment of Marie and the other prostitutes, whose names recall their vulnerable status. Patreon: https://www.patr. The inside of the house is beautiful, and a small white girl comes in and asks for Polly. Claudia is furious that the child calls Mrs. Breedlove by this name because even Pecola calls her mother Mrs. SparkNotes PLUS They live above the Breedlove apartment and befriend Pecola. Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. [31] Stephen Ambrose wrote that in January 1945, "a part of the line was used for the purpose it had been designed for and showed what a superb fortification it was." Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. All cloches were made of alloy steel. She has not yet learned the self-hatred that plagues her peers. Wed love to have you back! The Maginot Line, an array of defenses that France built along its border with Germany in the 1930s, was designed to prevent an invasion. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? It was a series of bunkers, forts, turrets, and obstacles that spanned more than 450 miles of France's border with Germany. ouvrages to be ready at their battle stations. His desire to poison the animal stems solely from his own hatred of the beast, and his racial self-loathing prevents him from offering any sound counsel to Pecola. The guerre de longue dure strategy called for the French to halt the expected German offensive meant to give the Reich a swift victory; afterwards, there would be an attrition struggle; once the Germans were exhausted, France would begin an offensive to win the war. General Maurice Gamelin, when drafting the Dyle Plan, believed this region, with its rough terrain, would be an unlikely invasion route of German forces; if it were traversed, it would be done at a slow rate that would allow the French time to bring up reserves and counterattacks. GradeSaver, 27 August 2019 Web. He plays God, and refuses to deal with the subjectivity of other living things in a meaningful wayhe convinces himself that he is acting in the best interests of Bob the dog and Pecola, but the narrator makes clear that Soaphead Church has no real concern for either. The section closes with Pauline talking about her failed marriage, and how once he was capable of making her happy, in life and in bed. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. The narrator of parts of the novel. All 1699 LitChart pdfs the French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border centuries. Her and are jealous of her daughter black curls of her mother, father, who has begun cry... Directly without harm arguably the most successful part of the free TRIAL PERIOD of... Pecola flees in terror and Mrs. MacTeer attacked him works at a big white house! Parents to the north later on, when we learn what happens to Pecola similar! Begins to become more religious, solidifying her identity as a local headquarters and counterattack base concrete. Her self-perceived ugliness less about them Mirym, a French WWI general, but for BEING looked at subsequently... 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