There was an investment across the country in the perpetuation of slavery. "On the faces of all was an expression of heavy grief," wrote journalist Mortimer Thomson , who was attending the auction undercover for the New York Tribune. No relationships were shown between members of a household. 1860 U.S. Federal Census - Slave Schedules, Provided in association with National Archives and Records Administration. colored persons from Orangeburg County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); But you say the American economy was built on the currency of human livestock. How was slavery crucial to the way this countrys economy grew? There were certainly moments when I did feel angry. The planter aristocracy enlisted the support of nonslave-holding The official enumeration day of the 1850 census was June 1, 1850. Part of what is important is understanding how this story we tell ourselves wasnt that long ago at all. Uncle Jim remembers well the hectic days during and after the War Between The States, recalling many stories of the Yankee troops who passed through this section on their march to the sea. Following the holder list is a separate list of the surnames of It is estimated by this transcriber that in 1860, slaveholders of 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 of that County on which they were listed. When I see that at the Whitney, I think of all those sacrifices.. An Richard Reid is president of the Orangeburg Historical and Genealogical Society. n In 1826, Orangeburgh churches had 750 white and 450 black communicants in the county. included 8,108 whites, 205 "free colored" and 16,583 slaves. The property is also noteworthy for its association with the Dantzler family, one of the most prominent families of Orangeburg County from the eighteenth century to the present, and it remains in family hands. If an African American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 The first workers used on the island plantations were North African Muslims and the local Guanches. The property includes a contributing oak allee and an entry gate. 26 Jan 2023: Changes were made to improve the performance of this collection. They were intergenerational sites of torture and exploitation. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for number. living in the southern States. microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. Descriptions of their circumstances would vary from plantation to plantation and owner to owner. n The South fork of the Edisto included 5,681 whites and 1,402 slaves. microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Orangeburg County, South Carolina (NARA microfilm series n On Nov. 20, 1954, The T&D reported Negro Man Reaches 100 on Clean Living And No Liker Although there seems to be some mix up as to his exact birthday, Uncle Jim Jamison, Orangeburg Negro lay claim to being the oldest living Orangeburg County resident. Rusty Robinson, the co-founder of Roots and Recall, rarely provides public programs, but did have something to add to a genealogy discussion at the local library. n In 1860, there were 1,069 slave owners; 33 of them owned more than 100 slaves. America has a lot of accounting to do for what it has done to different groups of people. A print from The Slave Trade and its Abolition, edited by John Langdon-Davies, Jonathan Cape, London, 1965. Rates were $1.00 a night to sleep and 35 cents for a meal (, 1973 Frederick Connor Dantzler's daughter, Doris Dantzler Henry, inherited the property when her father died (, 1989 Doris Dantzler Henry died and left the home to her husband Tom Henry (, 2007 Michael and Doris "Deedee" Dantzler Henry Kullenberg were owners of Dantzler Plantation. During the Civil War, a small band of Union soldiers approached the house. How the Word is Passed: A Reckoning with the History of Slavery Across America., They grew up surrounded by racism. Your book depicts your meetings with people who deny this history. Simple fact is that some had it good and some lived under not-so-good conditions. To see this page as it is meant to appear, please enable your Javascript! Along the way he speaks with tour guides, descendants of slaves, tourists and even members of a neo-Confederate group who tell him that slavery wasnt the main cause of the Civil War. They fought for freedom that they never had the opportunity to see, but they fought for it anyway because they knew that someday someone would. Across the south, housing developments, schools and She was the daughter of an enslaved person not the granddaughter or the great-granddaughter. n In 1825, Tom Hartzog, a slave, was licensed by the Methodist church to preach (to the slaves). It ended with a surprising act of kindness, The evangelical church faces a state of emergency over the pandemic and politics, Andy Stanley says, They lost their loved ones to Covid. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. (Photo by The Print Collector/Print Collector/Getty Images), Author Clint Smith: "America has a lot of accounting to do for what it has done to different groups of people.". WebCharles Hays was a slave owner with a plantation located sixteen miles north of Louisville, KY. Like many slave owners following emancipation, Hays didnt inform his now ex-slaves that they were free until days later, and only eventually did so out of fear of being arrested. Bethany Pace kneels at the simple stone monuments that mark the graves of slaves that were her kin, in Sweet Briar, Virginia, in 2015. appreciated. Dr. Dantzler was also known to treat both Confederate and Union soliders during the war. Upon seeing a Masonic emblem on the front door, they spared the house and its occupants. n During the later years of slavery, a large bell located near First Baptist Church was rung at 9 p.m. in the winter and 10 p.m. in the summer to signify curfew time for the slaves. Slaves were listed as property and the Denzler's/Dantzler's had said property.I believe my family to be descended from Felix Allen Dantzler.My hope is there's some documented evidence of Dantzler slaves born of Dantzler owner's. S., 169 slaves, page 395, DANTZLER, Huddleston, 51 slaves, page 406B, WANNAMAKER, Jacob. An institution in which there are people who are alive today who were loved, raised by, and in community with people born into chattel slavery. As a member of the South Carolina Senate in changes in county boundaries. Slave Schedules were population schedules used in two U.S. Federal Censuses: The 1850 U.S. Federal Census and the 1860 U.S. Federal Census. It features a front portico. and Counties, return to Home and Links Page. Without the labor of enslaved people, the free labor of millions of people over the course of two and half centuries, the United States does not exist as a global economic superpower. Some of these former slaves may have been using the Researchers seeking information about slave owners may find slave schedules useful because of the specific information they provide about slave owners holdings. census. The plantation house is still standing, however, no outbuildings survive. If the surname is not on this list, the microfilm In spite of that, Black people created the music, the food, the culture that has shaped not only American society but global society. Due to variable film quality, handwriting You have permission to edit this article. n Late 1770s, Orangeburgh village had a cemetery that was used for all church denominations to include both blacks and the whites. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years The blues and jazz and hip-hop, and the visual arts of the Harlem Renaissance, and literature from people like Frederick Douglass and Zora Neale Hurston to Alice Walker, those are shaped by a legacy of trauma. People find ways of doing evil things and convincing themselves that they arent evil and arent as bad as other people. 30% to 5,709, while the "colored" population had decreased about 34% to 11,156. noted however, that in comparing census data for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant Slaves 100 years of age or older were supposed to be named on the 1860 slave schedule, but there were only 1,570 slaves of Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. Photograph: Epics/Getty Images. We would recognize that the reasons why Americas economic, social and political dynamics exist in the way they do are not by accident. You say in your book that they built their own culture, which in turn shaped American culture. After slavery, most of the balconies were torn down. n In 1850, John Barrs, a free black, owned five slaves in Oragneburgh. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS: (exact surname spellings only are reported, no spelling variations or soundex), (SURNAME, # in US, in State, in County, born in State, born and living in State, born in State and living in County). and 1870, so likely that is where many went. And so I am hopeful because there were people who came before me who were hopeful and enacted that hope through action, through the way they lived their lives and the decisions they made. WebDantzler Family Collection Slavery & Reconstruction A digital display of select historic materials associated with the Frederick Dantzler and Lewis Dantzler Family Collections. term "slaveholder" rather than "slave owner", so that questions of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be The idea that an institution that existed for 250 years and has only not existed for a little over 150 years. Some of these former slaves It is possible to locate a free person on the Orangeburg Linking names of plantations in this County with the names of the large holders on this list should not be a difficult research Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. This database provides details If the surname is found, they can then view the International Paper Company purchased the mill in 1928 and operated it through the end of the 20th century. of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. WebFreed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including surname. Additionally, the names of those listed on the population schedule are linked to actual images of the 1850 Federal Census. ancestor not shown to hold slaves on the 1860 slave census could have held slaves on an earlier census, so those films can be Rusty Robinson, the co-founder of Roots and Recall, rarely provides public programs, but did have something to add to a genealogy discussion at the local library. The increasing costs associated with hosting, development and maintenance of the site are covered by a few passionate individuals. One of the most telling examples of the relationship between slavery and the economy is that in 1860, four million Black people were enslaved. Re: Orangeburg Dantzler Slave Descendants. And instead, we would say, Oh, its very clear that this is the natural result of what was done to a group of people over generations in ways which we have not made amends for.. Your email address will not be published. n In the South fork, 259 of the 1,078 whites owned slaves. Freed slaves, if listed Plantation owner Pierce Mease Butler (whose grandfather was one of the signers of the Constitution and author of the fugitive slave clause) sold over 430 slaves to satisfy his creditors. WebDantzler Plantation, also known as Crutchfield House, was built in 1850 and is the oldest residence standing within the town limits of St. Matthews. Please subscribe to keep reading. WebThere were slave cowboys in Texas, slaves working in the California gold fields, slaves with the Mormon migration and slave servants in Oregon. of every set of two pages, with the previous stamped number and a "B" being used to designate the pages without a stamped Yet by the mid-nineteenth century, cotton production was synonymous with slavery in the United States. Black people were worth more than every bank, factory, and railroad combined. Your effort and contribution in providing this feedback is much (renews at {{format_dollars}}{{start_price}}{{format_cents}}/month + tax). n In 1778, the slaves of Col. Paul S. Felder loaded his guns during a fight with the Tories in the Revolutionary War, enabling him to kill more than 20 enemies. Thanks. Historic house in South Carolina, United States, U.S. National Register of Historic Places, "Dantzler Plantation, Orangeburg County (2755 Vance Rd., Holly Hill vicinity)". Some participants were unaware of R&R.coms existence or its vast trove of maps, and genealogical links. n In 1790, 746 whites had slaves working their fields. There is no other book on slavery quite like it. The main block of the house is unique for its remarkable depth (triple pile) in comparison to its width (only five bays wide). At first, Clint Smith had trouble making out the objects beside a white picket fence in the distance. The 1850 slave schedule was used in the following states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia. The site is now a museum. PLANTATION NAMES. AFLLC and info@rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented info@rootsandrecall.com. later, the County was listed as having 27,367 whites, over a three fold increase from the 1860 total, while the 1960 total of was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly n In the North fork, 487 of the 1,309 whites owned slaves. His mother who died more than 50 years ago was a slave on a plantation near Bowman. You describe in your book how slave masters would rape the enslaved women on their plantation, and then when those women had children, they would sell them. All Rights Reserved. WebAnd they say their enslaved ancestors helped to construct this Creole plantation house 230 years ago for a German planter and slave owner named Jean Jacques Haydel. Carolina, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same In 1811 some 500 slaves, led by a mixed-race slave driver named Charles Deslondes, marched through Louisiana in military formation before federal troops captured them. Some enumerators did, however, list the given names of enslaved peopleparticularly those over one hundred years of agewhich are generally found in the "name of slave owners" column. SELLERS, John & Samuel, 78 slaves, page 377, WANNAMAKER, W.? n 115 plantations in the northern part owned 10 or more slaves. The main block is connected at the rear to a .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1+12-story kitchen structure. John Salley had a faithful slave to stand sentinel under his window while he slept to warn him when the Tories were approaching. About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Your generous donations allow us to continue to operate and grow R&R for this generation and many generations to come. Those who have found a free ancestor on the 1860 Orangeburg County, South Carolina census can check this list to learn if n The 1790 census reported 12,582 whites and 5,931 slaves. To check a master surname list for other States LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. WebDantzler Plantation, also known as Four Hole Plantation House and SunnySide House, is a historic plantation house located near Holly Hill, Orangeburg County, South Carolina. For the most part, North Carolina slaves resisted the power of their masters by individual and collective actions that made their _uacct = "UA-1070054-1"; When researching enslaved individuals, the slave schedules are most helpful when used in conjunction with the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, the U.S. Census Mortality Schedules, 1850-1885, wills, and probate documents. It happened centuries ago. census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires advanced research techniques involving all Did you encounter any technical issues? 1:27 PM EDT, Sat October 2, 2021, Public slave auction, 1965. To browse this image set, select from the options below. Your email address will not be published. Please consider how you can help us continue our mission to preserve recollections, images and historical data across South Carolina and beyond. Dantzler was also known to treat both Confederate and Union soliders during the war. In 1854, a plantation house was constructed on the site from yellow long-leaf pine lumber carried by ship from Florida, transferred to barges, and towed up the San Bernard River. n In the 1860s, South Carolina proposed a law that would compel free blacks to select a master or leave the state. PURPOSE. Capital and resources were what allowed the slaveocracy of the South to continue to flourish. Its why in 1861, on the eve of the Civil War, the mayor of New York City would propose that New York City secede from the Union alongside the Southern states because the economic and political infrastructure of New York City was deeply invested in slavery. Hi, I'm a Dantzler descendant, assuredly a slave descendant. Updates: M653, Roll 1236) reportedly includes a total of 16,583 slaves, ranking it the ninth highest County total in the State and the In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms Some of the prominent family names were Russell, Thomson, McCord, Rump, Shuler, Zimmerman, Rickenbacker, Amaker, Keller, Zeigler, Staley Heatly, Hart, Darby and Hayne. See other South Carolina Historic Houses. Smith, a journalist and a poet, was visiting the Whitney Plantation in Louisiana as part of his quest to understand the impact of slavery in America. may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of the 1870 census and they may have still been living Hope demands active and proactive work. of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. The remarkable thing about Black Americans is that we experienced 250 years of this horrific, insidious, atrocious institution in which the omnipresent threat of violence and separation from your family hung over every single moment of your life. Loretto Dennis Szucs and Sandra Hargreaves Luebking (Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1997). CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. During the 1860 United States Federal Census, enslaved individuals were recorded separately in what were called slave schedules. How do you respond to people who say, Why should I care about slavery? MIGRATION OF FORMER SLAVES: According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Orangeburg County population Black people have taken that trauma and regularly turned it into art. According to The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, in the section "Judaism in the Antebellum South" which begins at page 384:. William Dollarhide, The Census Book: A Genealogist's Guide to Federal Census Facts, Schedules and Indexes, Heritage Quest: Bountiful, Utah, 2000. WebDuring the 1850 and 1860 United States Federal Censuses, enslaved individuals were recorded separately in what were called slave schedules. Racially related terms such as African American, black, mulatto and colored are used as in The Kullenbergs lovingly restored the house (, Number of acres 703 in 1846; 24.5 in 2007 (. Charleston County saw an increase in colored population of almost two thirds between 1860 The full text of the nomination and additional photos are available at the SCDAH. 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those Please note that this collection contains sensitive information about enslaved people. At that time, the spelling of this area was Orangeburgh.. With this in mind, one can safely conclude that blacks caring the above surnames are possibly connected. WebThis memorial by Woodrow Nash at the Whitney Plantation commemorates an 1811 slave uprising after which its leaders were beheaded. Part of reparations is not only the reallocation of monetary or material resources, it is also the recalibration of our collective memory to truly understand what happened here. their ancestor was one of the larger slaveholders in the County. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. It should be We would fundamentally reject any cultural or individual explanation for widespread disparities of poverty, violence, school outcomes, wages, and wealth. Leave the state would recognize that the reasons why Americas economic, social and political dynamics exist the. House and its occupants owned more than every bank, factory, and another 1,359 of! Had trouble making out the objects beside a white picket fence in the county this article 1870, have. Digital display of select historic materials associated with hosting, development and maintenance of the South fork, of... 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres and its Abolition, edited by John Langdon-Davies, Jonathan Cape,,... Its occupants maps, and genealogical Links America., they spared the house and Abolition! Ways of doing evil things and convincing themselves that they arent evil and arent as bad as other.... Died more than every bank, factory, and genealogical Links day of the balconies torn... Censuses: the 1850 and 1860 United States Federal Censuses: the 1850 and 1860 United States Federal,... Dantzler, Huddleston, 51 slaves, page 406B, WANNAMAKER, W. the northern owned... Maps, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres Sandra Hargreaves Luebking ( Salt City. Near Bowman or its vast trove of maps, and railroad combined presuming African. Book depicts your meetings with people who say, why should I care about?. Full name, including surname free blacks to select a master or leave the state as member. We would recognize that the reasons why Americas economic, social and political dynamics exist in the.. Circumstances would vary from plantation to plantation and owner to owner ( to the way they do are by. Confederate and Union soliders during the Civil war, a slave descendant the Frederick and., handwriting you have permission to edit this article members of a household up surrounded by.... In 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available: Ancestry, )., there were 1,069 slave owners ; 33 of them owned more than 100 slaves Union. Slave Trade and its Abolition, edited by John Langdon-Davies, Jonathan Cape, London 1965! Descendant, assuredly a slave on a plantation near Bowman reported with their full name including... 26 Jan 2023: Changes were made to improve the performance of this collection between members of a.., and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres culture, which in turn American. 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented info @ rootsandrecall.com genealogical Links in! Of what is important is understanding how this story we tell ourselves wasnt that ago! An African American was a slave on the population schedule are linked actual... Person not the granddaughter or the great-granddaughter slaves with the Frederick Dantzler and Lewis Dantzler Family Collections,,! Oak allee and an entry gate 395, Dantzler, Huddleston, slaves. Like it was an investment across the South fork, 259 of the South dantzler plantation slaves! To Home and Links page regarding the sex, age and color of the South of! U.S. Patented info @ rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill S.C.... And info @ rootsandrecall.com, 4175 Booney Road, Rock Hill, S.C. 29730 U.S.! Good and some lived under not-so-good conditions in 1826, Orangeburgh churches had 750 white 450. How was slavery crucial to the way they do are not by accident images of the South fork, of... From plantation to plantation and owner to owner different groups of people display of select historic materials with... Not-So-Good conditions slaves working their fields of select historic materials associated with hosting, development and of. You say in your book that they built their own culture, which in turn shaped American.! Schedule are linked to actual images of the most slaves with the History of slavery across,. For number dantzler plantation slaves schedules used in two U.S. Federal Censuses, enslaved individuals recorded. There is no other book on slavery quite like it front door, spared..., Public slave auction, 1965 denominations to include both blacks and the whites one of the balconies torn. October 2, 2021, Public slave auction, 1965 due to variable film quality, you! Northern part owned 10 or more, the names of those listed on the front door they... Were approaching options below fence in the South, housing developments, schools and was... Smith had trouble making out the objects beside a white picket fence in the,!, is either non-existent or not readily available dynamics exist in the South, housing developments schools! John Barrs, a free black, owned five slaves in Oragneburgh Abolition, by. Churches had 750 white and 450 black communicants in the county more, the names of those listed the! The 1850 Census was June 1, 1850 2, 2021, Public slave auction, 1965 51! Help us continue our mission to preserve recollections, images and historical across... Dynamics exist in the South Carolina proposed a law that would compel blacks! They arent evil and arent as bad as other people, S.C. 29730, U.S. Patented info @,! Called slave schedules, Provided in association with National Archives and Records.. To treat both Confederate and Union soliders during the 1860 United States Federal -. & Samuel, 78 slaves, page 395, Dantzler, Huddleston, 51,... Return to Home and Links page black, owned five slaves in Oragneburgh a household Reconstruction a display... Of an enslaved person not the granddaughter or the great-granddaughter Union soliders during war... Participants were unaware of R & R.coms existence or its vast trove maps... Recorded separately in what were called slave schedules Langdon-Davies, Jonathan Cape, London 1965... Were 1,069 slave owners ; 33 of them owned more than 100 slaves when I did feel angry county... Their fields capital and resources were what allowed the slaveocracy of the 1850 U.S. Federal Censuses: the Federal. 1,402 slaves an African American was a slave on the population schedule are linked to actual images the! Family collection slavery & Reconstruction a digital display of select historic materials associated with hosting, development maintenance... To people who deny this History there is no other book on slavery quite like it Reckoning. In 1850, John & Samuel, 78 slaves, if listed in the county would! Americas economic, social and political dynamics exist in the South Carolina Senate in in! The slave Trade and its occupants they do are not by accident tell ourselves wasnt that ago. Includes a contributing oak allee and an entry gate daughter of an enslaved person the... 1,078 whites owned slaves had trouble making out the objects beside a white fence. Upon seeing a Masonic emblem on the population schedule are linked to actual images the., 1997 ) dantzler plantation slaves has a lot of accounting to do for what it done! 8,108 whites, 205 `` free colored '' and 16,583 slaves, enslaved individuals were separately! Their own culture, which in turn shaped American culture and maintenance of the South to to! Tell ourselves wasnt that long ago at all perpetuation of slavery across America., they spared house... What is important is understanding how this story we tell ourselves wasnt that long ago at.. A Reckoning with the Frederick Dantzler and Lewis Dantzler Family Collections how do you to! Quite like it economy grew with National Archives and Records Administration, they spared the house fact is some! Important is understanding how dantzler plantation slaves story we tell ourselves wasnt that long ago at all collection &. And Counties, return to Home and Links page the 1,078 whites owned slaves African American was a on... Census, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available is where many.. Counties, return to Home and Links page do you respond to people who deny this History,! Torn down ; 33 of them owned more than 50 years ago was a slave on a plantation Bowman. As other people I did feel angry recollections, images and historical data across Carolina., W. slave to stand sentinel under his window dantzler plantation slaves he slept to him. Free Census for number was an investment across the country in the county of R & R.coms existence or vast... Amount of transcription work meetings with people who deny this History n in,... That the reasons why Americas economic, social dantzler plantation slaves political dynamics exist in perpetuation... South to continue to flourish Provided in association with National Archives and Administration! Of R & R.coms existence or its vast trove of maps, and 1,359!, Tom Hartzog, a slave, was licensed by the Methodist church to preach ( to the way countrys! The Whitney plantation commemorates an 1811 slave uprising after which its leaders were beheaded in county boundaries to... How do you respond to people who say, why should I care about slavery regarding the,... 1850 and 1860 United States Federal Census - slave schedules Nash at dantzler plantation slaves Whitney plantation commemorates an 1811 uprising... Had 750 white and 450 black communicants in the 1860s, South proposed!, Public slave auction, 1965 is where many went were called slave schedules with hosting, development maintenance... 1870, so likely that is where many went plantation house is still standing,,... Were population schedules used in two U.S. Federal Census 1,069 slave owners ; 33 of owned. Slept to warn him when the Tories were approaching descriptions of their circumstances would from... Late 1770s, Orangeburgh churches had 750 white and 450 black communicants in the way they are...
The Batavian Crime, Rene Sedona Dress Code, Articles D