His story represents the counterpoint narrative to the main action in Moscow, and centers on his decision to approve the execution of Yeshua Ha-Nozri in the city of Yershalaim. Pilate, PONTIUS.After the deposition of the eldest son of Herod, Archelaus (who had succeeded his father as ethnarch), Judea was placed under the rule of a Roman procurator. [232] Pilate goes on to play an important role in the increasingly long and elaborate passion plays performed in the German-speaking countries and in France. Nothing is known about his life before he became governor of Judaea, and nothing is known about the circumstances that led to his appointment to the governorship. [266] Following the Second World War, Pilate and the Romans often take on a villainous role in American film. Please select which sections you would like to print: Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [60][54] Lmonon, however, argues against this identification. . Why would he cave to demands to crucify a man he had proclaimed innocent? [1] The Samnites lived in the southern region of Italy. In 2010, the Christian Broadcasting Network made the 52 . The Governor was under the impression that Jesus was simply claiming to be "King of the Jews," but it says once Pilate found out that Jesus was claiming to be the Son of God " he was even more afraid " (John 19:8). Come, see the place where He was lying. Matthew 28:1-6(NASB). Eugene Norris asks our panel of pastors, What Happened to Pontius Pilate? Protecting The Most Valuable Treasure On Earth. [260], In 1986, Soviet-Kyrgiz writer Chingiz Aitmatov published a novel in Russian featuring Pilate titled Plakha (The Place of the Skull). The Flying House, known in Japan as Tondera Hausu no Daibken (, Adventures of the Flying House), is a Christian anime television series produced by Tatsunoko Productions broadcast between April 1982 and March 1983 on TV Tokyo, and distributed by the Christian Broadcasting Network in the United States. In the Cura sanitatis Tiberii (dated variously 5th to 7th century),[162] the emperor Tiberius is healed by an image of Jesus brought by Saint Veronica, Saint Peter then confirms Pilate's report on Jesus's miracles, and Pilate is exiled by the emperor Nero, after which he commits suicide. He washed his hands: "When Pilate saw that he could not prevail at all, but rather that a tumult was rising, he took water and washed his hands before the multitude, saying, "I am innocent of the blood of this just Person. "[272] Wroe argues that later Pilates took on a sort of effeminancy,[268] illustrated by Michael Palins Pilate in Monty Python's Life of Brian, who lisps and mispronounces his r's as w's. [59] Daniel Schwartz and Alexander Demandt both suggest that this incident is in fact identical with "the incident with the shields" reported in Philo's Embassy to Gaius, an identification first made by the early church historian Eusebius. He was a man with whom it was no secret that the Emperor didn't trust. [136] Bart Ehrman, on the other hand, argues that the tendency in the Early Church to exonerate Pilate and blame the Jews prior to this time reflects an increasing "anti-Judaism" among Early Christians. His position and his well-being depended on keeping the peace with those around him. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of Christ? This article was most recently revised and updated by, Historical and traditional accounts of the life of Pontius Pilate, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pontius-Pilate, World History Encyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia - Pontius Pilate, Sagrada Famlia: sculpture of Pontius Pilate. He also finds historical the information that their relationship mended following the execution of Jesus. [8], Pontius Pilate should have listened to his wife. [9] Modern historians have differing assessments of Pilate as an effective ruler: while some believe that he was a particularly brutal and ineffective governor, others believe that his long time in office implies reasonable competence. [287], The main ancient sources on Pilate offer very different views on his governorship and personality. According to some traditions, the Roman emperor Caligula ordered Pontius Pilate to death by execution or suicide. He and his wife are portrayed as Christian converts and sometimes martyrs. Omissions? Donations to this ministry aretax-deductible. Updates? [57] Bond argues that the fact that Josephus says that Pilate brought in the standards by night, shows that he knew that the images of the emperor would be offensive. [66], In another incident recorded in both the Jewish Wars (2.9.4) and the Antiquities of the Jews (18.3.2), Josephus relates that Pilate offended the Jews by using up the temple treasury (korbanos) to pay for a new aqueduct to Jerusalem. [145] The Gospel includes a scene in which the centurions who had been guarding Jesus' tomb report to Pilate that Jesus has been resurrected. [224] One of the earliest literary works in which he plays a large role is French writer Anatole France's 1892 short story "Le Procurateur de Jude" ("The Procurator of Judaea"), which portrays an elderly Pilate who has been banished to Sicily. [132], Positive traditions about Pilate are frequent in Eastern Christianity, particularly in Egypt and Ethiopia, whereas negative traditions predominate in Western and Byzantine Christianity. [178], The town of Tarragona in modern Spain possesses a first-century Roman tower, which, since the eighteenth-century, has been called the "Torre del Pilatos," in which Pilate is claimed to have spent his last years. Pontius Pilate was appointed governor of Judea (A.D. 26-36) under Tiberius Caesar. In addition to Mainz, Bamberg, Hausen, Upper Franconia were also claimed to be his place of birth, while some traditions place his death in the Saarland. What happened to Pontius Pilate after the death of the Lord Jesus Christ? [19], The sources give no indication of Pilate's life prior to his becoming governor of Judaea. Paperback. Responding to Celsus, the Christian apologist Origen, writing c.248 AD, argued that nothing bad happened to Pilate, because the Jews and not Pilate were responsible for Jesus' death; he therefore also assumed that Pilate did not die a shameful death. [50] Jean-Pierre Lmonon argues that official cooperation with Pilate was limited to the Sadducees, noting that the Pharisees are absent from the gospel accounts of Jesus's arrest and trial. 2. [263] In the 1927 silent film The King of Kings, Pilate is played by Hungarian-American actor Victor Varconi, who is introduced seated under an enormous 37 feet high Roman eagle, which Christopher McDonough argues symbolizes "not power that he possesses but power that possesses him". As a result, pressure was applied by the Jewish Sanhedrin (Luke 23:2-7) upon Pilate. [270], Only one film has been made entirely in Pilate's perspective, the 1962 French-Italian Ponzio Pilato, where Pilate was played by Jean Marais. Ultimately, Pilate succumbs: Using his executive powers, he sentences Jesus . [166][167], Beginning in the eleventh century, more extensive legendary biographies of Pilate were written in Western Europe, adding details to information provided by the bible and apocrypha. [195] Pilate also comes to feature in scenes such as the Flagellation of Christ, where he is not mentioned in the Bible. Oh, come on, loosen up a little. Yet, no judge could justly condemn a man he considered innocent. Pontius Pilate, Latin in full Marcus Pontius Pilatus, (died after 36 ce ), Roman prefect (governor) of Judaea (26-36 ce) under the emperor Tiberius who presided at the trial of Jesus and gave the order for his crucifixion. Pontius Pilate has been enshrined forever in the cowards' Hall of Shame. "[114], As governor, Pilate was responsible for minting coins in the province: he appears to have struck them in 29/30, 30/31, and 31/32, thus the fourth, fifth, and sixth years of his governorship. Because of this subject matter, the Master has been attacked for "Pilatism" by the Soviet literary establishment. In them, Pilate is portrayed as wishing to save Jesus, being affected by his charisma, but as too cowardly to do so. [205] In the Bible moralise, Pilate is generally depicted as a Jew. McClintock and Strong. In 37 CE, Pontius Pilate oversaw the slaughter of a group of Samaritan pilgrims in the village of Tirathana. [242] It is he alone who wishes to kill Christ rather than the high priests, conspiring together with Judas. These soldiers came up to Jerusalem at the time of the feasts, when the city was full of strangers, and there was . [94] This dates the end of Pilate's governorship to 36/37. [44] He also would have toured around the province in order to hear cases and administer justice. [68] Bond argues that the number of Galileans killed does not seem to have been particularly high. Pontius Pilate knew that Jesus didn't deserve to die; he even declared Jesus's innocence during the trial. The inscription reads () (Pilato(u)), meaning "of Pilate". Providing an account of the trial of Jesus presents challenges unlike that for any of the other trials on the Famous Trials Website. [77] In Ignatius's epistles to the Trallians (9.1) and to the Smyrnaeans (1.2), the author attributes Jesus's persecution under Pilate's governorship. [51], Daniel Schwartz takes the note in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 23:12) that Pilate had a difficult relationship with the Galilean Jewish king Herod Antipas as potentially historical. Salome was the daughter of Herod Philip and Herodias. "), John 19:14 (Ecce rex vester, "Behold your king! But the Jews showed so little fear of death, that Pilate relented and removed the standards. Many of these legends connected Pilate's place of birth or death to particular locations around Western Europe, such as claiming his body was buried in a particularly dangerous or cursed local area. James Tissot. [224][225][226], Pilate plays a major role in the medieval passion play. [129] The name Pilatus is rare, so the ring could be associated with Pontius Pilate; however, given the cheap material, it is unlikely that he would have owned it. In some cases, it is unclear if they may be referring to the same event,[54] and it is difficult to establish a chronology of events for Pilate's rule. Pontius Pilate is a mysterious and controversial figure . If the tradition is true, she dreamed of the countless recitations and liturgical chants of . Had it not been for his encounter with Jesus, Pontius Pilate might be just another name in the history books . Some traditions assert that after he committed suicide, his body was thrown into the Tiber River. [84] Yet other scholars, such as Brian McGing and Bond, have argued that there is no real discrepancy between Pilate's behavior in Josephus and Philo and that in the Gospels. When Jewish representatives demonstrated in Caesarea, Pilates city of residence, he threatened them with death unless they desisted, but, when they showed their readiness to die, he ordered the images removed. Why did Pilate give in to the pressure . Pontius Pilate was the fifth magistrate to serve in the Roman province of Judea, created in 6 CE by Roman emperor Augustus (r. 27 BCE to 14 CE). [273] The trial takes place in Pilate's private stables, implying that Pilate does not think the judgment of Jesus very important, and no attempt is made to take any responsibility from Pilate for Jesus's death, which he orders without any qualms. Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. His supper with the apostles (and subsequent arrest) happen on . The Samaritans reported Pilate to Vitellius, legate of Syria, after he attacked them on Mount Gerizim (36 ce). He is best known for being the official who presided over the trial of Jesus and ultimately ordered his crucifixion. It is in a class of documents called New Testament apocraphal writings. While there he was charged with murdering someone and was sent to Pontus, which is on the southeastern border of the Black Sea. [86] Paul Winter explained the discrepancy between Pilate in other sources and Pilate in the gospels by arguing that Christians became more and more eager to portray Pontius Pilate as a witness to Jesus' innocence, as persecution of Christians by the Roman authorities increased. [244] In this play, when Judas comes back to Pilate and the priests to tell them he no longer wishes to betray Jesus, Pilate browbeats Judas into going through with the plan. The nineteenth century saw a renewed interest in depicting Pilate, with numerous images made. [102][103] Pilate's supposed suicide is also left unmentioned in Josephus, Philo, and Tacitus. [210] Images of Pilate were especially popular in Italy, where, however, he was almost always portrayed as a Roman,[211] and often appears in the new medium of large-scale church paintings. [139] Tibor Grll believes that this could be a reference to Pilate's actual records,[138] but other scholars argue that Justin has simply invented the records as a source on the assumption that they existed without ever having verified their existence. In Bond's view, the reference to "sacrifices" likely means that this incident occurred at Passover at some unknown date. In Western Christian texts, he was instead portrayed as a negative figure and villain, with traditions surrounding his death by suicide featuring prominently. Ignatius further dates Jesus's birth, passion, and resurrection during Pilate's governorship in his epistle to the Magnesians (11.1). [201] Pilate also comes to be frequently depicted as present at the crucifixion, by the fifteenth century being a standard element of crucifixion artwork. Antiquities of the Jews 18.4.2. [254], Pilate features prominently in Russian author Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita, which was written in the 1930s but only published in 1966, twenty six years after the author's death. The fate of Pontius Pilate after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ is disputed among historians. McClintock and Strong. And behold, a severe earthquake had occurred, for an angel of the Lord descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it. Pilate was also the focus of numerous medieval legends, which invented a complete biography for him and portrayed him as villainous and cowardly. Pilate then summoned them to an arena, where the Roman soldiers drew their swords. [128], In 2018, an inscription on a thin copper-alloy sealing ring that had been discovered at Herodium was uncovered using modern scanning techniques. [117][116] MacAdam argues that "[i]t is far easier to believe that this very fragmentary inscription prompted the legend of Pontius Pilate's association with the Italian village of Ameria [] than it is to posit someone forging the inscription two centuries agoquite creatively, it would seemto provide substance for the legend. [246] In the York passion cycle, Pilate describes himself as a courtier, but in most English passion plays he proclaims his royal ancestry. For more information about the Acts of Pilate, visit Pontius Pilate refers to Christ in official records.. [110] Bond argues that we cannot be sure what kind of building this referred to. "), John 19:5 (Ecce homo, "Behold the man! Antiquities of the Jews 18.3.3. Ignatius stresses all these events in his epistles as historical facts. [265], The film The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) portrays Pilate as "a representative of the gross materialism of the Roman empire", with the actor Basil Rathbone giving him long fingers and a long nose. It became acceptable to cast Pilate as a villain and a range of myths developed describing his grisly end. 1887, p. 202. [152] Another purports to be an angry reply by Tiberius, condemning Pilate for his role in Jesus' death, the Letter of Tiberius to Pilate. However, his successor, Caligula, was not similarly swayed and ordered . Pilate is nevertheless forced to execute Jesus by the increasingly angry crowd, but Jesus tells Pilate that he does not hold him responsible. [292], Beginning with E. Stauffer in 1948, some scholars have argued, on the basis of his possible appointment by Sejanus, that Pilate's offenses against the Jews were directed by Sejanus out of hatred of the Jews and a desire to destroy their nation, a theory supported by the pagan imagery on Pilate's coins. [124], Attempts to identify the aqueduct that is attributed to Pilate in Josephus date to the 19th century. Modern authors who feature Pilate prominently in their works include Anatole France, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Chingiz Aitmatov, with a majority of modern treatments of Pilate dating to after the Second World War. In John (19:711), Pilate is depicted as having accepted the Christian interpretation of the meaning of Jesus, and he rejects Jewish leaders reminder that Jesus has merely said that he is the king of the Jews (19:21). What Happened to Pontius Pilate? [181], Pilate was also the subject of legends in Eastern Christianity. [62] Helen Bond, Daniel Schwartz, and Warren Carter argue that Philo's portrayal is largely stereotyped and rhetorical, portraying Pilate with the same words as other opponents of Jewish law, while portraying Tiberius as just and supportive of Jewish law. [37], Pilate's title of prefect[c] implies that his duties were primarily military;[40] however, Pilate's troops were meant more as a police than a military force, and Pilate's duties extended beyond military matters. Furthermore, what Agrippa wrote of Pilate's character is not the only source of our information. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. They wanted Jesus dead. In doing so, he sided himself against peace with God. [191] The majority of depictions from this time period come from France or Germany, belonging to Carolingian or later Ottonian art,[192] and are mostly on ivory, with some in frescoes, but no longer on sculpture except in Ireland. Judging by this story, his wife seems to have travelled with him. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. So Pilate, when he had tarried ten years in Judea, made haste to Rome, and this in obedience to the orders of Vitellius, which he dare not contradict; but before he could get to Rome, Tiberius was dead.[10]. At some point in 36 AD, a group of Samaritans from Samaria, who were followers of another messiah there, most likely called Dositheos, had begun excavating Mount Gerizim in the belief that they would find riches and artifacts there associated with the Hebrew prophet Moses. 5. Pilate is taken as a prisoner with her to Rome to be judged, but every time the emperor sees Pilate to condemn him, his anger dissipates. So Vitellius sent Marcellus, a friend of his, to take care of the affairs of Judea, and ordered Pilate to go to Rome, to answer before the emperor to the accusation of the Jews. 26-36? Tradition adds that Pilate died in Vienne, France on the Rhone or on Mount Pilatus, Switzerland. After Sejanuss fall (31 ce), Pilate was exposed to sharper criticism from certain Jews, who may have capitalized on his vulnerability to obtain a legal death sentence on Jesus (John 19:12). Luke 23:8(NASB), Pilate was apparently not threatened by Jesus since he had not taken action earlier. [8] Coins that he minted have survived from Pilate's governorship, as well as a single inscription, the so-called Pilate stone. His rule began in 26 CE and lasted until early in 37 CE (Josephus, Antiquities 18.32f, 35, 89). [3], In the thirteenth century, depictions of the events of Christ's passion came to dominate all visual art formsthese depictions of the "Passion cycle" do not always include Pilate, but they often do so; when he is included, he is often given stereotyped Jewish features. However, the body is surrounded by demons and storms, so that it is removed from the Tiber and instead cast into the Rhone, where the same thing happens. 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