I know of some people with cancer who smoke. Teacher to student: I never received your research paper. For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. Suppose the prior probability that the butler did it was .10, likewise for the chambermaid. a. assertive behavior. B. Scott Jones, a staff member for U.S. Abby tells her therapist that she tripped a small child who got in her way, and her therapist accepts this information without judgment. Pascal, due to his own bad health, persuaded his brother-in-law, Perier, to carry a crude barometer up the Puy-de-Dome in the south of France, taking measurements as he went. Once the vocal cord problem was identified, the patients were taught certain techniques by a speech pathologist which, the report said, immediately reduced both the number and the severity of attacks in all patients. For her part, Delynn Carter said she knows what triggered her attacks. How does Abbys conclusion fare in the face of this alternative explanation? Look for deception as an alternative explanation. Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. For, as researchers have shown, we have a natural tendencytermed a confirmation biasto look for outcomes that support our preferred explanation rather than those that might falsify the alternativesto look, for example, for worshippers who escaped rather than thinking also about those who drowned. One method that is commonly used in this process is to compare the effects of a drug to that of a neutral placebo in double-blind tests. B. My iPhone will run out of power within the next 12 hours. Reprinted with permission. Explanatory arguments are probably the most fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in science and in everyday life. Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. There would be no good reason to expect the outcome prior to these two steps: Why is this criterion important? This applies to both singular and general explanations. In scientific thinking, which of the following are not subject to revision? Suppose you see an advertisement in the business pages touting a stock fund that has topped the market for five years in a row. This, the ad says, proves that the manager of the fund is especially skillfuland thus that you should invest large quantities of cash with this manager. b. punching an umpire because he made a bad call, "Good aggression" (playing within the rules with high intensity) is known in sport psychology as, Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring, b. in the quest of some nonaggressive goal, A linebacker intends to hurt and injure any receiver who catches a ball over the middle. By using the control group, the alternative is ruled out that the effect is somehow induced by the test itself. The lights in this old house keep flickering. It was all those asthma medications that I didnt need, she said. This is not to say dogmatically that magic cannot happen. Sample exercise. Premise 2 is probably true. And, though you may not find the ifthen premise, there are two things you can always expect to find if the argument is explanatory: reference to the explanation, often with a discussion of why it is better than alternative explanations; and reference to the observable outcome, often with a discussion of how unlikely that outcome would otherwise thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Pascal, due to his own bad health, persuaded his brother-in-law, Perier, to carry a crude barometer up the Puy-de-Dome in the south of France, taking measurements as he went. More subtle examples are easy to find. There are a few money managers who succeed on the basis of skillmultibillionaire Warren Buffet is the most famous example. C. It's correlated, but not causal. Delayed on the way west in 1846, 87 pioneers were stranded in late October by heavy snows in the Sierra. Which of the following statements is true of an explanatory The plumber explanation is burdened with improbabilities: The answer in each case is very infrequently. Examples from the text are The butler did it or The man was a Marine sergeant. Singular explanationan explanation that is designed to apply only to a single thing or event. It is doubtful that more than 1 in 30 is able to win five years in a row on the basis of skillthat is, the probability of succeeding for five years by skill is probably no better than the probability of doing it by chance. d. Outline necessary changes. An explanatory argument contends that certain facts can best be explained by a certain theory, and thus that the theory must be true. Weban explanatory hypothesis for a natural phenomenon that is exceptionally well supported by empirical data. One variable is manipulated, while others are held constant. c. It must be directed toward a human being. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. But it is highly probable, whether my theory is true or false, that the reviews will be good or bad or somewhere in between. A second way of distinguishing among explanatory arguments is in their level of generality. a. It is not offered as a reason to believe that the water boiled quickly. d. all of the above a. assertive behavior. For the sake of illustration, I will slightly idealize the intermediate readings: say, it was 28.2 inches at 1,800 feet, then one inch lower at each of the next thousand-foot intervals. For a hypothesis to be a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. A frequently observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which there is a positive response to treatment with an inactive substance. Thus, the prior probability of beating the market in a single year is roughly .50. Ive really slimmed down. Practically speaking, however, explanations that do precede their observable outcomes are often logically stronger. Several of the younger trees by Beaver Creek stream are now nothing more than two-foot posts sticking out of the ground; the treetops are nowhere around, and the top of each stump comes to a curious point. The line on the chart, I argue, does pass through the six plotted points but otherwise zigzags wildly, say, as follows. Which of the following statements is true of an explanatory Any performance significantly better or worse than the students current mean level of competence would be largely a matter of chance. One test is to ask whether it offers only as many explanatory entities as needed. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. b. The opposition has annoyed them. And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. So, an unfalsifiable explanation fails the improbable outcome test. unintentional aggression. Write an expression for the general or nth term, an,a_{n},an, for the geometric sequence. d. Aggression facilitates performance only in team-sport athletes. In another example, continental drift initially was reasonably rejected as the explanation for the striking biological and geological similarities between continents that are widely separated by oceans because there was no known mechanism for the drift. Web1) Direct observation of phenomena, empirically testable hypotheses, and the ability to rule out rival hypotheses are all essential tenets of the ________. Its a favorite of macabre schoolchildren. . The explanationthat he was a Marine sergeantcomes next. Even eliminating four violent deaths (all men, two of them murders), the 53 percent death rate for men far exceeded the 29 percent rate for women. [5] A graph of these results, representing our evidence in this case, looks like this. Research testing the catharsis notion of spectator aggression has shown that But you can still ask whether such explanations make sense, and whether they make more sense than the alternative explanations. An hypothesis is an idea that gives a tentative or temporary explanation to a phenomena. Clearly, smoking causes cancer. Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first. Said author Delgado, We have been conned. Rabinoffs paper asserted that there was a correlation between TM practitioners desiring warmer weather on one evening and the occurrence of unusually warm weather the following day. An explanationalso termed a theory or an explanatory hypothesisis, for our purposes, loosely defined as a statement that enables us both to predict and to better understand the cause of that which it explains. Men are evolutionarily built for aggression. This makes good sense. Satisfies correct form condition for explanatory argument, and does well on the total evidence condition. Punishing student pilots when they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when they perform well. He said he came home to discover a well-used pipe in the pocket of his bathrobe. It includes the presumption of causation. They got pregnant shortly thereafter and concluded (and counseled their friends) that thinking too much about it was itself responsible for their failure to conceive. A) experiential method B) scientific method C) intuitive process D) strategic management process E) account planning philosophy B) scientific method She must be a good driver, since she usually gets where shes going without running into anybody. A process of examination and discovery of natural phenomena that involves making observations, constructing hypotheses, testing predictions, experimenting, and drawing conclusions and revising them as necessary. From what Ive told you, what conclusions would you draw? the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts. WebShort Answer. Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. Explanatory/ Causal /Bivariate Hypothesis. Sample answer. Which system accumulates the costs for each department or process within the factory? But when praised for a good landing, the student usually followed with a poorer landing. A form that cannot pull any of the load in a deductive argument may nevertheless pull a share of the load in an inductive one. In some cases, it can be tempting to accept an explanation with an extremely low prior probability simply because you cannot think of any plausible alternative. Clearly in Afghanistan. Arthur Conan Doyle, There has recently been a startling decline in a large number of amphibian populations, apparently because UV radiation is harmful to them. If it is a singular explanation, you can ask if it is the sort of thing that is known to happen, and if it tends to happen more frequently than do the alternatives. WebShort Answer. This is why, for example, we are amused but not persuaded by the rooster who thinks that the sun is raised each morning by his mighty crowing. But the premises would provide virtually no support for the Newtonian conclusioncomets do appear from time to time, so this particular outcome would have been virtually certain anyway. In the study of personality, the ________ model includes dimensions of conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extroversion. Explanatory arguments are probably the most fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in and. 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Or older perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when they perform is! One can test it perform well you 'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert helps! It offers only as many explanatory entities as needed which system accumulates the costs for each department process!, both in science and in everyday life discover a well-used pipe the... To discover a well-used pipe in the face of this alternative explanation stock that! Market for five years in a row neuroticism, openness, and does well on the basis of Warren! From what Ive told you, what conclusions would you draw matter expert that helps learn... N }, an, a_ { n }, an, for general. Logically stronger fundamental and frequently used of all arguments, both in science and in life... Case, looks like this they perform poorly is followed by improved performance more often than rewarding them when perform... 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