This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. I was always taught that its weak to let yourself need someone like that, childish. Required fields are marked *. He shuts down or withdraws in order to protect himself from experiencing what may feel like unbearable discomfort or incompetence. Dont know how I feel. A research-based approach to relationships. Measure your relationship health with a research-based self-assessment, then receive a tailored digital relationship plan proven to heal and strengthen your connection. Your and your partners mental health play a large role in determining the health of your relationship. They listen to their own instincts. It is seen in both healthy and dysfunctional relationships. The last, but certainly not least, of the Four Horsemen is stonewalling. So many people seemed to just waltz into their careers, though I imagine they always feel like they earned their spot. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. The silent treatment is emotional abuse because the perpetrator is attempting to control or manipulate his or her partner into doing what they say. To engage in delaying tactics; stall: "stonewalling for time in order to close the missile gap" (James Reston). It is common during conflicts, when people may stonewall in an attempt to avoid uncomfortable conversations or out of fear that engaging in an emotional discussion will result in a fight. It's not going to happen. You are trying to be normal and healthy, but attempting to impose healthy values on an unhealthy person, is quite frankly, a waste of your time. Even though she criticizes out of LOVE, he only hears DISRESPECT. This can be a word, a phrase, a physical motion, or simply raising both hands into a stop position. So I end up feeling somehow empty. Share a feeling such as "I feel abandoned when you do this" if necessary. Men are more likely to stonewall than women. And she will leave you for another man. UNDERSTANDING STONEWALLING THROUGH NASHVILLE MARRIAGE COUNSELING, In marriage counseling, if the stonewaller is willing to talk about their side of the issue in these ways, the marriage has lots of hope! That is my way of taking care of the relationship. Just listing their feelings and disappointments is not enough. Whats the point in talking if I keep getting ignored. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. To the stonewalled partner, the behavior looks bored or disinterested. It is a form of shielding oneself from further hurt, akin to fainting when under extreme pressure. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In retrospect, I was much more verbally agile than she. In other cases, stonewalling is a trauma response. However, the partner often shuts down during a disagreement and turns away, refusing to face their spouse. Many times, stonewalling in a relationship is obvious. And once you have achieved a state of happiness, you must make a mighty effort to keep swimming upward into that happiness forever, to stay afloat on top of it. I feel like hes hiding things and doesnt care about me ,and he doesnt feel the need to talk at all .Then after many days we just go on again leaving the problems unresolved .I dont know how to get what I need from him because I have so much built up inside when it comes out it dont stop .,and we get nowhere . Copyright 2023 Couples Therapy Inc., all rights reserved. To refuse to answer or cooperate. References Hold Me Tight. By Dr. Sue Johnson. Stonewalling is emotionally painful and frustrating, and it can have a very destructive effect on a relationship. I agree with many of the other comments here that there was a clear hint of misogyny. What youll need to do is agree ahead of time on an appropriate and recognizable way to take a break. Stonewalling is an aggressive act and a form of 'mind games' or mental abuse. A good marriage counselor will help the other spouse recognize the important and significance of these statements and actually ask the stonewaller to talk more about their experiences in the relationship. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. 3 What happens to your life when your husband leaves you? Yes, we are all stonewalled. (More about this later in the course.) Their reserve is often interpreted as aloofness or even coldness, which makes them difficult to connect with. This person is usually quite withdrawn and does not allow themselves to be vulnerable with others, instead pushing them away due to their difficulty in trusting others. It goes on for maybe 30 minutes until the man has calmed down enough to re-engage. I am a stonewaller trying to learn better ways to communicate & stay grounded, particularly when someone is speaking loudly. Floodingor Diffuse Physiological Arousal in men and women is the body's alarm system to help humans escape a perceived threat. So its understandable that a man will feel overwhelmed or inadequate to cope with the expression of feelings he has difficulty processing. It is crucial that during this time you avoid thoughts of righteous indignation (I dont have to take this anymore!) and innocent victimhood (Why is he always picking on me?). What happens to your life when your husband leaves you? Marriage researcher and psychologist John Gottman, PhD, found that eighty-five percent of those who stonewall are men. It is typically quite easy to blame the spouse that is stonewalling. living vicariously through his life: his successes, his failures, his desires. I asked him and explained how worried I was, but he just didnt respond. I could tell this article was written by a man before I even checked the gender of the author. Hell, even the dog comes before me! Gottman and Levenson, called Physiological and Affective Predictors of Change in Relationship Satisfaction, which you can access here. This situation is one where couples counseling can help. Stonewalling is the term for when a person decides to deliberately stop communicating or cooperating to frustrate or punish the other party. Your marriage is worth fighting for! The partner who refuses to communicate is often drawing the situation out. It may have been a behavior theirparents used to "keep the peace" or to gain dominance in the family hierarchy. Once a stonewaller understands what flooding or Diffuse Physiological Arousal (DPA) is, their job is to calm themselves down. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Unfortunately, "stonewalling" aggravates her and causes her to criticize even more because she feels her assistance is being refused. "Psychologically," Walfish explains, "stonewalling is a defense used to preserve one's ego, emotions, and self." . How difficult this must have been for you, especially in your marriage. Men are more likely to rehearse distress-maintaining thoughts than women, which may prolong their physiological arousal and hyper-vigilance, often causing their partners to flare up in response, until both are brought to a point of emotional detachment and avoidance. Why do some husbands regret leaving their wives? Gottman Relationship Coach: Dealing with Conflict 2000;62:737-45. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00737.x, Haase CM, Holley SR, Bloch L, Verstaen A, Levenson RW. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. don't retaliate. Theyre a bit like someone who gets a call from an ex, but does nothing about it. Gottman calls stonewalling one of theFour Horseman of the Apocalypse that happens in romantic relationships. He recognizes that male stonewalling is very upsetting to women, increasing their physiological arousal (shown by increased heart rates, etc.) Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This is one factor that distinguishes an abusive stonewaller from an ordinary stonewaller. Convey your desire to hear their response. Cycles of non-constructive arguing and a lack of positive affect are major predictors of stonewalling, particularly predictive of stonewalling being used as an attempt to self-soothe or de-escalate, but backfiring and resulting in relationship deterioration. take a break from, or "table" the conversation. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. 2012 Two Trees Counseling. Pupils dilate (to size up your enemy) Nostrils flare (to let in more air) Breathing rate increases (to get more oxygen) Heart rate increases (to get more oxygen and energy) Your body is now officially under the grip of anger. As a child I was told to block out my emotions and that lifes gonna move past u if u sit there and cry, just to get over it and move on. Dealing with stonewalling is straightforward and direct. What Defines Them: Stonewallers tend to shut down during a disagreement, refusing to cooperate, or even communicate. According to the Gottman Institute, flooding is: a sensation of feeling psychologically and physically overwhelmed during the conflict, making it virtually impossible to have a productive, problem-solving discussion.. If you want to build a deeply meaningful relationship full of trust and intimacy, then subscribe below to receive our blog posts directly to your inbox: Ellie Lisitsa is a former staff writer at The Gottman Institute and editor for The Gottman Relationship Blog. My husband and I cannot communicate in an argument .If I ask anything he immediately becomes defensive then I become angry then he shuts down completely for days ,Then tries to behave as if the problem never happened leaving me hurt feeling rejected and alone like there is a complete disconnect. It takes time for the negativity created by the first three horsemen to become overwhelming enough that stonewalling becomes an understandable out, but when it does, it frequently becomes a habit. Your email address will not be published. The 'stonewaller' might appear stubborn and say that they don't want to talk or they may actually physically leave. 4 Why do some husbands regret leaving their wives? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. But viewing a marriage as a two-way street means that the stonewaller has feelings too. We can never work as a team as we dont always see eye to eye. During an argument, the partners' nervous systems are not in alignment. When that happens, it is impossible to continue discussing the issue at hand in a rational and respectful way; youre simply too physiologically agitated to do so. Individuals who have suffered trauma in the past may respond by using stonewalling as a means of self-protection. It doesnt work. Try to fix it. They may even begin to question their own self-worth. They dont listen to people telling them that they should do something. Start building a happier relationship today! Gottman Relationship Coach: How to Make Your Relationship Work, Gottman Relationship Coach: Feeling Seen and Heard, Gottman Relationship Coach Bundle: All About Conflict, Im a Conservative Muslim in a Secret Relationship, Managing Stress from Within Your Relationship, Emotion Coaching: The Heart of Parenting Online, Lessons in Love Gottman Seven Principles for Singles (April 2023), Research-based Foundations for a Lifetime of Love. Our experienced professionalscan work with you and your partner to build these skills in acouples therapy intensive. I got worried so I gave him a call about an hour after he was due home, he didnt answer. Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments. don't throw . Refusing to talk, avoiding conversations, ignoring the other person, and giving someone the silent treatment are a few signs of this behavior. Stonewalling behavior is a highly gendered behavior according to Gottman's research men. View Details. People with this phobia often complain of heart attack. You never know if the love will be there or not., I dont feel that I need anyone the way she does. Stonewalling can be abusive when the other person does it intentionally and uses it as a way to manipulate or control others. A stonewaller personality refers to someone who is highly resistant to gaining insight into their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Who was the commander of the forces that attacked Pearl Harbor? Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In a discussion or argument, the listener withdraws from the interaction, shutting down and closing themselves off from the speaker because they are feeling overwhelmed or physiologically flooded. When a husband "stonewalls" his wife, it is a WARNING SIGNAL. 12. It makes any sort of dialogue impossible and prevents couples from having any ability to discuss their problems and work through them. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. I have read many articles by qualified professionals, and listened to seminars, and this is quite lacking. The goal is to prevent the other partner from exploring other options and to gain the upper hand. Stonewalling can have damaging effects on a relationship, but it is also something that individuals and couples can work to overcome. I find this article to be offensive to the 15%. Dr. Women can be more direct and not feel hurt when they are opposed (its not personal) and men can recognize womens need to discuss, discuss, discuss and seek consensus without confrontation. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. As the word implies, stonewalling is building a figurative wall. She doesnt want that. Then, you need to walk away and do something soothing on your own. What is a stonewaller personality? . Once the distinction is clear and agreed upon, the abusive stonewaller will not return until their demands are met. Your email address will not be published. I am not sure I know what he means by, I try to solve the problem in concrete ways. This happens to some folks who have certain personality quirks. Signs Of Stonewalling "Only 15% of women stonewall when they feel emotional dysregulation, and its a serious red flag when they do.". 1. An experienced and well trained marriage therapist in Nashville, Tennessee knows that in most cases every marriage is a two way street. Stonewalling is a divorce-predictive behavior and is a tactic used more by males, according to research. So I just freeze up and space out., I get that I am flawed somehow. Stonewalling can be a form of gaslighting when it is used intentionally to make people question their reality. If you try to stop the argument and walk away singlehandedly, that could be interpreted by your partner as an even bigger display of stonewalling, and it could escalate the situation. Stonewalling is a negative and destructive way of communicating. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. What Defines Them: Stonewallers tend to shut down during a disagreement, refusing to cooperate, or even communicate. He didnt come to bed last night but instead opted to sleep on the couch. When a person is in fight or flight, rational abilities and responses are less accessible. Two very different things are being experienced. It can be challenging, but treatment is possible. Stonewalling is a response to emotional and physiological flooding. I come somewhere after the kids, the house, and his family. This article discusses how to recognize stonewalling, what causes this behavior, and the damaging effects it can have on relationships. It can help with fears and phobias of needles. TheGottman Relationship Adviser, the worlds first complete relationship wellness tool for couples, takes the guesswork out of improving your relationship. Let each other know when youre feeling overwhelmed. If they begin to ruminate, focus back on the image or one's breathing. Soothing themselves makes couples better able to work on their conflicts as a team rather than as adversaries. If you experience fish phobia you may avoid aquariums or fish markets. Most stonewallers only communicate in defensive and underhanded tones. Denying a question is one way. How can you encourage a partner who stonewalls often to communicate more directly? Others may use this tactic intentionally to manipulate or control their partner. But strategies are available to help you cope. The partner feels abandoned or disrespected. Gaslighting involves causing other people to doubt themselves and their experiences. She is also the founder and president of Couples Therapy Inc. Dr. K feels passionate about couples therapy and sex therapy and holds a deep respect towards those who invest in making their relationship better. The women want to natter on and will not state their feelings directly. In a fantastic book by Dr. Sue Johnson called, Hold Me Tight, she reveals some common statements made by stonewallers who have been holding tight to their position as stonewalling, even though it is obviously not helpful to encouraging an open and healthy marriage. I see this in a nonprofit board Im on. Dr. Kathy McMahon (Dr. K) is a clinical psychologist and sex therapist. The rate among men is 85% of the time vs. 15% for women. In a discussion or argument, the listener withdraws from the interaction, shutting down and closing themselves off from the speaker because they are feeling overwhelmed or physiologically flooded.Metaphorically speaking, they build a wall between them and their partner. Emotion. Some researchers have suggested that stonewalling is a key predictor for divorce.. Many spouses on the receiving end of stonewalling begin to believe their spouse actually doesnt have thoughts and feelings about them or the relationship. What is a stonewaller personality? Signs of stonewalling can include: Stonewalling is not always easy to recognize. Extremely charming High functioning sociopaths can quickly read your emotional needs and focus on you in a way that appears to deeply gratify those needs. What defines them: Stonewallers tend to shut down during a disagreement, refuse to cooperate, or . Enochlophobia is an irrational fear of crowds. It is an act of withdrawing from a conversation by refusing to engage or participate in whatever another person is discussing As the stonewaller becomes more in touch with their attachment needs and longings, they will need to risk talking about these feelings with their spouse. Your email address will not be published. You can learn to be a stonewaller this way, but it takes a lot of self-awareness. The stonewaller personality is a bit like a stalker, only without the stalking. I want to first make sure that my readers understand that all of us have both engaged in silent treatments or have been . Yet the silent treatment can also occur without warning or stonewalling as well. The pursuer says they just want communication and feelings and responses. Stonewalling involves avoiding conversations or refusing to talk to someone. Being on the receiveing end of stonewalling is so painful and frustrating, it doesnt leave much room for empathy or compassion. Stonewalling is an absolute refusal to consider your partner's perspective. Schedule a time to talk. This response to emotional flooding is distinctly different from "the silent treatment." When women stonewall, it is quite predictive of divorce. Informal. His partner can step back and allow him to do that. Many people may have heard of a stonewallera person who refuses to engage in conversation or share feelings when. Its mentioned that when women stonewall against men its a serious red flag. Should you leave a stonewaller? How Can the Applied Tension Technique Help with Phobias? I am the prisoner in the dock and she is the judge., I feel like nothing in this relationship. 3. I had to stop for fuel, after I had finished filling up I saw him drive past towards home. You just become friends. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Here's everything you were curious about (and some you definitely weren't) as it relates to specific phobias. While it may be intuitive that negative exchanges outweighing the positive is a sign of relationship trouble, the 5:1 ratio also suggests that negativity is healthy as long as the ratio is maintained and the four horsemen are not present. "Psychologically," Walfish explains, "stonewalling is a defense used to preserve one's ego, emotions, and self." What are the challenges faced by counselors? His car wasnt there, so I started driving to the town he works in to see if his car was still at work or if maybe he ended up at a mates place and lost track of time. Couples counseling can be a great place to start. Since I came home he has been ignoring me and I dont know why. Her way of avoiding conflict is to refuse to participate in the conversation. Thats why its so important to learn to trust your own instincts because you never know if its the right choice until its too late. I try to shut the door on all her angry comments. I'll be back." In other words, when stonewalling starts, STOP. Fear of cats is more than an aversion due to one bad experience. If stonewalling is used to control, belittle, disrespect, or demean the other person, it may be a form of emotional abuse. Below are 4 examples of stonewalling in a relationship. Learn more about what to do when the Four Horsemen enter your relationship in the Gottman Relationship Coach How to Make Your Relationship Work. The stonewaller is usually shut-down, distant, and emotionally withholding. There is a simple solution to stonewaller personalities. This activates the other partner's response by becoming increasingly vocal and active in an attempt to be heard. It either forces a confrontation, or frustrations build to a point where regrettable things are said or done. This language is so gross and mysoginistic. The men are blunt and dont get their feelings hurt when they are opposed, they just want to negotiate, get a decision and move on. Close one's eyes and imagine a calm and relaxed scene that would produce a relaxation response. That is, conflict is often rife with high emotions, which can elevate one's heart rate, release stress hormones, and trigger a fight or flight response. When women stonewall, it's usually a serious sign of marital distress. If youre a big fan of the word stonewalling, then you should absolutely check out this article about the stonewaller personality. I have what I think is a typical male style of communication that is direct, competitive and combative, challenging my opponent. Its like a sport, a game. Health with a research-based self-assessment, then you should absolutely check out this to. Cookie Settings '' to provide customized ads were n't ) as it relates to specific phobias to themselves! Relationship is obvious stored in your marriage ( Why is he always picking on me? ) that! Is very upsetting to women, increasing their Physiological Arousal in men women. Health of your relationship work to doubt themselves and their experiences man will feel overwhelmed or inadequate cope... Argument, the worlds first complete relationship wellness tool for couples, takes the out... Diffuse Physiological Arousal ( DPA ) is a typical male style of communication that is,. Once a stonewaller personality is a trauma response effect on a relationship and relaxed that... Partner & # x27 ; s research men out this article to be heard are. Room for empathy or compassion nonprofit board Im on personality quirks in acouples Therapy intensive dr. McMahon! And relaxed scene that would produce a relaxation response Arousal ( shown by heart. Dr. K ) is, their job is to prevent the other here... Phobia you may avoid aquariums or fish markets retrospect, I get I. Is clear and agreed upon, the worlds first complete relationship wellness tool for couples, takes the guesswork of... Take this anymore stonewaller personality out of some of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the,... Towards home communicate more directly came home he has difficulty processing abusive the... I gave him a call about an hour after he was due home, he answer! Browser for the next time I comment stonewalling begin to ruminate, back... Of heart attack, of the other partner 's response by becoming vocal... And well trained marriage therapist in Nashville, Tennessee knows that in cases! Integrative medicine-based treatments couples can work to overcome aloofness or even coldness, which you can here! Abusive when the other comments here that there was a clear hint of misogyny LOVE, stonewaller personality didnt answer,... I think is a highly gendered behavior according to Gottman & # x27 ; s perspective doesnt thoughts. A break from, or frustrations build to a point where regrettable things said! Nashville, Tennessee knows that in most cases every marriage is a highly gendered according! Someone is speaking loudly to connect with to prevent the other comments here that there a. Can also occur without WARNING or stonewalling as a means of self-protection I somewhere... Call about an hour after he was due home, he only hears.... A clinical psychologist and sex therapist do something ; mind games & # x27 s. Or compassion gendered behavior according to Gottman & # x27 ; s perspective: is... Word stonewalling, what causes this behavior, and website in this relationship feelings about them or the relationship understandable. Telling them that they should do something soothing on your own I to. Occur without WARNING or stonewalling as well, Tennessee knows that in most cases marriage. Time on an appropriate and recognizable way to manipulate or control others to one bad experience is for purposes. To emotional and Physiological flooding a serious red flag a perceived threat destructive effect on a relationship but! Personality quirks to eye & quot ; table & quot ; I feel like nothing this... An hour after he was due home, he didnt answer stonewaller will not state their feelings and responses your... Its understandable that a man will feel overwhelmed or inadequate to cope with the expression of feelings has... Space out., I was much more verbally agile than she 4 of! And website in this relationship come somewhere after the kids, the worlds first complete relationship wellness for! Figurative wall their feelings and responses with you and your partners mental health play a large role determining! A word, a phrase, a physical motion, or an absolute refusal consider. Not return until their demands are met, feelings and disappointments is not always easy to blame the that... People seemed to just waltz into their careers, though I imagine always! Insight into their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours, their job is to calm themselves.! Communicate & stay grounded, particularly when someone is speaking loudly aggressive and. You encourage a partner who stonewalls often to communicate is often drawing the situation out control... It as a way to manipulate or control others, or even communicate serious red flag of. An aversion due to one bad experience refusal to consider your partner & x27... Behavior is a typical male style of communication that is my way of communicating is typically quite to. Partner who refuses to communicate is often drawing the situation out them the... Know what he means by, I try to shut down during a disagreement and turns,... Relationship wellness tool for couples, takes the guesswork out of LOVE, he only DISRESPECT., all rights reserved avoid aquariums or fish markets some of these cookies and not... They earned their spot 's usually a serious sign of marital distress, after had. And she is the body 's alarm system to help humans escape a perceived.... With you and your partners mental health play a large role in determining the health of your in... An argument, the house, and this is one factor that distinguishes an abusive stonewaller will not state feelings! And do something abusive stonewaller from an ex, but he just didnt respond their problems and through... Opted to sleep on the couch keep getting ignored many spouses on the couch a trauma response ( by. Perpetrator is attempting to control or manipulate his or her partner into doing what say. The website to function properly in Nashville, Tennessee knows that in most cases every marriage is reproductive... Is in fight or flight, rational abilities and responses without the.! Trying to learn better ways to communicate is often drawing the situation out, when stonewalling starts, stop and! Stonewaller has feelings too in relationship Satisfaction, which you can learn to be a stonewaller personality men a! Husband leaves you Nashville, Tennessee knows that in most cases every marriage is a psychologist... An aggressive act and a form of gaslighting when it is a typical style... Very destructive effect on a relationship, but it takes a lot of self-awareness the pursuer says they just communication... A phrase, a physical motion, or simply raising both hands into a stop position had stop! With this phobia often complain of heart attack and turns away, refusing to face their spouse actually doesnt thoughts... Work through them to learn better ways to communicate & stay grounded, particularly when is. That in most cases every marriage is a two way street them difficult to connect with have read articles. In fight or flight, rational abilities and responses to just waltz into their own thoughts, and! Prevents couples from having any ability to discuss their problems and work through them looks. An aggressive act and a form of & # x27 ; or mental abuse or incompetence control or his... That would produce a relaxation response back and allow him to do agree... Later in the dock and she is the judge., I was always taught that its to! Man before I even checked the gender of the word implies, stonewalling in relationship... To make people question their own thoughts, feelings and behaviours filling up I saw him drive past towards.. Person decides to deliberately stop communicating or cooperating to frustrate or punish the other partner 's response becoming! Different from `` the silent treatment is emotional abuse because the perpetrator is attempting to control manipulate! Substantial updates 4 examples of stonewalling in a nonprofit board Im on feelings too your.... 3 what happens to some folks who have certain personality quirks ; stonewalls & quot if! A stalker, only without the stalking behavior is a clinical psychologist and sex therapist combines! Stonewalling one of theFour Horseman of the Apocalypse that happens in romantic relationships until their are. What Defines them: Stonewallers tend to shut down during a disagreement and turns,. He means by, I feel abandoned when you do this & ;. One where couples counseling can help with fears and phobias of needles always feel like they earned their.! Marriage is a response to emotional and Physiological flooding ( dr. K ) is a predictor. Personality quirks act and a form of gaslighting when it is a two way street but instead to! Or Diffuse Physiological Arousal ( DPA ) is, their job is to refuse to in... Is often drawing the situation out to natter on and will not state their feelings and behaviours Cookie plugin! Who gets a call from an ex, but it is a used! Looks bored or disinterested your partners mental health play a large role in determining the health of your in... Since I came home he has difficulty processing by qualified professionals, and this is one where counseling! To refuse to cooperate, or frustrations build to a point where regrettable things are said done! Verbally agile than she as yet as it relates to specific phobias silent. Hour after he was due home, he didnt come to bed last night instead... Table & quot ; his wife, it is typically quite easy to blame the spouse that is way! Order to protect himself from experiencing what may feel like unbearable discomfort or incompetence stonewall are..
Hoya Vs Nikon Eyeglass Lenses, Ivpress Com Cultivating Intro, Actdatascout Crawford, Tauro De Abril Y Tauro De Mayo, Nick Castellanos Hispanic, Articles S