Rocket Languages is the best language learning app for anyone searching for a well-structured online learning program. So, its no wonder that language apps have become so popular. These apps will provide you with podcast-style lessons and useful learning tools. Klamer gathered most of her data in the village of Madar. Lessons are based on natural dialogues and tracks voiced by native speakers. The verbs in this sentence have no object prefix, and the object 'fish' is inanimate (because it is no longer living). These free language learning apps will guide you through learning a language from start to finish, or help you sharpen language skills that you may already have. So, for teens who might need an engaging incentive to practice English, this is a solid option. Rosetta Stone lessons are bite-sized. 'They (elsewhere) bathe/have bathed his child.'. It would be a shame not to take advantage of that. Although the Pueblo people may have spoken different languages in the past, this is most likely because so many languages are spoken today. Reduplication of the entire stem including the realis suffix takes place. Whether you want to learn how to write or work on your pronunciation, your teacher will help you out. {qau ba a} {[a-sepatu qas]} {usan ga-luxun-luxun ta} a {xer-an pati. You can get direct feedback, corrections, and answers to your questions via private messenger. Stay tuned. 78 Cities of Gold Road Santa Fe, NM 87506. Founder of Linguatics. It also offers a range of topics and scenarios, most of them practical. But you can always try it yourself first. Although mature content can be turned off in settings, without a parent wall there's no guarantee that kids wont have access to it. In non-possessed NP's, the noun comes first, followed by the modifying element, such as an adjective. Tewa is a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken in distinct local varieties at seven Pueblos in northern New Mexico and Arizona. Goat is an animate object. You have the option of testing out of several sections at once if youre familiar with the language, and Duolingo will adapt the questions based on how well you do. And probably even a necessary one. In their profiles, you can find all the information you need: their hourly rate, video introduction, and other students reviews. And since some of them feature various problem-solving activities, using an app to learn a language can also improve your cognitive skills. Do you want to learn how to speak Portuguese? We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection. 2022-05-31. Third person object prefixes marking animate or inanimate: The contrasts are illustrated in the below translations: A glottal stop is used for animate objects. Language Therapy Lite. Tewa language - Tewa is a Tanoan language spoken by Pueblo people, mostly in the Rio Grande valley in New Mexico north of Santa Fe, and in Arizona. In-app subscription is required after the seven-day free trial in order to continue enjoying the app and its features. There are dozens of pictures tied to common phrases that are spoken to you in the language you're wanting to learn, and you have to repeat the words back to practice your pronunciation. The transitive verbs in Teiwa can be divided into numerous sub classes, based on how they encode animate and inanimate objects differently. All rights reserved. Our children are growing up and losing their culture. The app teaches you vocabulary words and phrases, both isolated and in sentences, and then quizzes you as you move forward through the levels to test your knowledge. Its not easy to pick the absolute best language app, but Rocket Languages is definitely one of the candidates. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. In 2007 there were about 800 speakers of Taos, which is also known as (Northern) Tiwa. Available for only some languages, it's a type of augmented reality that uses the camera on your phone to translate, in real time, any text you point your camera at, including foreign text displayed in a menu, written on a sign, etc. Here similarly, the prefix ga- on the verb -walas marks for third person singular object, that is for yivar, 'dog'. SIL International. The term "Teiwa" refers to a group of (sub) clans with the same ancestors. Improve your existing . This can keep you motivated and probably hungry for more. It looks and feels like a mobile app, but it's not delivered natively on the device. And if youre planning to travel to a foreign country, there are many apps that can teach you simple, practical vocabulary useful for traveling. The object pronoun is for both animate and inanimate referents, whereas the object prefix is exclusively for animate referents. After all, the app teaches languages in a very simple and efficient way. Proper nouns are not modifiable. You can practice and improve your conversational skills with a native speaker. You will earn points, unlock levels, and so on. This program will undoubtedly help you achieve your goals. Whether you want to improve your language skills for business or you simply want to grasp the basics, Busuu can help you out. Develop a solid grounding in the use of technology and other modalities to enhance language learning. In Teiwa, the entire root is copied; there exists no productive process for syllable reduplication.[2]. n.a. google_ad_height = 15; There is no shortage of courses on almost every language you can imagineor invent, as there are also several devoted to constructed languagescreated by the vibrant community of users. The allophones of /v/ are [v] and [f]. Pressing the turtle icon on the screen slows down speech in the videos to make it easier to understand. Evan Ashworth. Its designed to keep you motivated and engaged. Nevertheless, Busuu will teach you practical vocabulary useful for everyday situations. Interacting with the locals is an important part of any trip. So, the app doesnt offer a well-rounded, detailed language course like some other apps on this list. The Lite version allows you to try all the activities in all 4 apps, with just a handful of the hundreds of words you'll get in the full version. Notice the important difference in meaning with the use a prefixed pronoun versus a free pronoun! And when you learn in a safe environment adjusted to your needs, you automatically become more productive. There are also grammar lessons, culture classes, and so on. The LINGUIST List (www.linguistlist.org). Espaol (prximamente) - volver al inicio, Best Movies on Netflix, Disney+, and More, Common Sense Selections for family entertainment, Best TV Shows on Netflix, Disney+, and More, Growing Up Queer: Thoughtful Books About LGBTQ+ Youth, Check out new Common Sense Selections for games, Teachers: Find the best edtech tools for your classroom with in-depth expert reviews. The Busuu app offers full language courses. Research shows a connection between kids' healthy self-esteem and positive portrayals in media. Only verbs can be inflected for realis mood. Kroskrity examines this curiosity of language and culture, explaining the various ways in which the Tewa use their linguistic resources to successfully adapt to the Hopi and their environment while retaining their . related to other languages like Kiowa and Tiwa. It is spoken in Taos Pueblo in Taos County in northern New Mexico in the USA. Families considering EWA: Learn English Language as an educational tool should know that the app has a significant amount of mature content. Its well-rounded and very easy to use. Roxanne Swentzell Tower Gallery: Monday thru Friday 10am-4pm. The library of books and articles is definitely the highlight of the app. There are also Survival Kit lessons; they cover essential terminology and advanced vocabulary. {[ki uwaad nuk]} yaa {[bif ga'an]} tu'u, {eagle big one} descend {} {child 3S} knock, 'a big eagle came down [and] picked that child'. The Tewa language department invites all members of Ohkay Owingeh to come attend our classes. Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe. Duolingo is a great option for people who want to learn multiple languages. What's new on our site today! With Pimsleurs hands-free mode, you can also learn while youre driving, cooking, or jogging. Tewa is one of five Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people of New Mexico. PDF | On Feb 1, 2021, Paul V. Kroskrity published Articulating Lingual Life Histories and Language Ideological Assemblages: Indigenous Activists within the North Fork Mono and Village of Tewa . Many of the apps we mentioned today offer free trials, and you should take advantage of that. The Ohkay Owingeh Tewa Language Program offers weekly classes three times a week for 2-3 hours a session to address the need to increase the Tewa Language being spoken throughoutthe community. Solid immersion language-learning experience needs tutorial. However, the difficulty of the course depends on the language you choose, but more on that in a bit. These apps let you build your own study sets so you decide which words you focus on. Books are also labeled by level of difficulty, making it easier for readers to figure out which books they're ready to for. The Teiwa branch into two moieties (halves), which are separate genealogical supergroups, each of which includes multiple clans. Moreover, language apps are incredibly practical and convenient. Kids trying to tune into pronunciation or just needing to hear things a bit slower will appreciate the turtle icon that slows down speech in the clips. All things considered, Duolingo is a simple and practical app that can help you learn something new every day. The heritage language at Nanb Pueblo (hereon referred to as Nanb Owngeh), New. TEWA CENTER: Provides to the Community a place to hold various community and school activities, such as, community meetings, trainings, demonstrations, fundraisers for schools, clubs and individual families, receptions and parties. You can also choose a specific skill you want to focus on. But even if you opt for a standard version, youll get an immersive learning experience. That will also bring you closer to new people in real life. A language learning app will surely save you a lot of time. Title Tewa Indian tribes of New Mexico; Summary 12314-A-San Juan Pueblo: Portraits of men, women, and a girl, most identified; women washing, drying, and winnowing wheat, gathering chili, making pottery, carrying produce in baskets, carrying baskets and pots on heads, and gathered at river; a street scene; adobe homes and traditional beehive ovens; and a still life of pottery. As you can see, all the best apps to learn a new language are either fun and engaging or well-structured and highly efficient. Mondly is the best language learning app for learners who prefer immersive, game-like apps. MexicoNanb Tewahas been spoken in the same place for several centuries.Having. Teiwa has an inventory of 5 cardinal vowels. Common Sense is the nation's leading nonprofit organization dedicated to improving the lives of all kids and families by providing the trustworthy information, education, and independent voice they need to thrive in the 21st century. In this case, number is specified through use of the additional pronoun ga'an (singular), iman (plural), or the plural word non in the object NP. Your privacy is important to us. Explore what makes EWA a top-reviewed language. You should also think about your time commitment. Back to the American Indian Words homepage t- 1 : a member of a Pueblo Indian people of New Mexico and Arizona 2 : the language of the Tewa people Word History Etymology American Spanish Tegua, from Tewa twa, a self-designation First Known Use 1844, in the meaning defined at sense 1 Time Traveler The first known use of Tewa was in 1844 See more words from the same year There were 4000 documented native speakers of Teiwa in 2010. Therefore, even if you have a tight schedule, Pimsleur will help you make progress every day. Read our full Babbel review. Each Busuu course is developed using the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR.) You can easily jump back and forth. Generally, when Teiwa speakers refer to their own language, especially to differentiate it from the national language Indonesian, they call it "pitarau" (our language). No matter which language you want to learn, the Innovative Language app will provide you with a bunch of learning material. Here the possessor prefix is obligatory, to the point that native speakers will not recognize the word without the prefix. The term "Teiwa" derives from the name of the main clan that speaks it. The app uses spaced repetition to make sure everything youve learned moves into your long-term memory. The app also features an Audio Companion, a phrasebook, and useful study tools. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. All rights reserved. You can learn on the go, and thats a huge advantage if you have a busy schedule. Upon launching the app, kids will be prompted to select their native language, age, and current English proficiency level. Summary: Duolingo is known for its short, interactive lessons that encourage you to build a daily streak.Duolingo is one of the hottest language learning products on the market and offers over 30 different language options. In Glosbe you will find translations from English into Northern Tiwa coming from various sources. With a variety of language apps on the market, learning a new language has never been easier. Teiwa is often classified as part of the Trans-New Guinea language family, but this is disputed. And if youre learning Hindi or Japanese, the app will teach you their writing system as well. [2], These are predicates formed with the bodypart noun -om 'inside'[2], Reduplication is a morphological process to express greater intensity or the repeated/ongoing nature of an event. You can also redo all the lessons and review the word lists. Experiment with sounds, words, and phrases and ask kids to teach you what they're learning. Read our Rosetta Stone review. Individuals must schedule with the Tourism Manager dates and times for use. In 2021, Duolingo had more than 40 millionmonthly active users. Best for learning on the go. Italki is a popular platform that connects learners and tutors. For their language, see. As in the consonant table, the orthographic representations are given in the brackets to the right. Teiwa (also referred to as Tewa) is a Papuan language spoken on the Pantar island in eastern Indonesia.The island is the second largest in the Alor archipelago, lying just west of the largest island Alor.. Teiwa is a morphosyntactically simple language with little inflection and is as such described as an isolating language, also known as an analytic language. And there are gamified tests and exercises to strengthen your knowledge even more. How much time are you willing to invest in your lessons? These include Santa Clara, San Juan, San Ildefonso, Nambe, Tesuque, and Pojoaque in New Mexico, and in Arizona the village of Hano on the First Mesa at Hopi. Thanks to line-by-line breakdowns and the slowed-down audio option, youll understand every word. J. Walter Fewkes, The Butterfly in Hopi Myth and Ritual. If you're planning a trip to the country or are trying to learn Tewa, keep reading to discover some . EWA's is available in 35 languages and counting, EWA's empowered over 60 million people worldwide to learn English, Spanish, French, or Italian. the app download page, the recoding dictionary, the Tewa dictionary, flashcards, a game, and a page just for kids. Rosetta Stone. Many of these apps also have free language learning websites that offer even more options. 'Some people are outside' / 'Someone is outside', There is no dedicated morphology for nominalization in Teiwa. Native speakers will break everything down for you, line by line, so you dont have to worry about not understanding something. $50,000. Parents need to know that EWA: Learn English Language is an education app that uses TV show and movie clips to teach English phrases and words. HARRINCTON] THE TEWA LANGUAGE 499 self; (2) position or direction; (3) state of being animal, vegetable or made thing, or mineral; (4) oneness, duality, or state of being three or more; (5) exister in position or mover in direction, actor upon, acted upon, actor upon self, exister or mover in relation to which exister exists or mover moves, exister or mover in relation to which Only verbs take an object prefix. We hope this article gave you some useful suggestions and encouraged you to start your language learning journey right away! As it is considered rude to call family members by their given name, these siblings are addressed as matu' when older and bif when younger, and ka'au when the same sex as the speaker. Other Hopi clans are known to be descendants of Tewa people.[1]. Languages You Can Learn: English, French, Spanish (Spain and Mexico), German, Arabic, Korean, Japanese, Japanese (no script), Turkish, Chinese (Simplified), Dutch, Italian, Swedish, Portuguese (Portugal and Brazil), Russian, Norwegian, Polish, Danish, Icelandic, Mongolian, Slovenian, Yoruba. In fact, with some apps, learning a language will feel like playing a game. Also, the best apps for learning languages use cutting-edge technology, adaptive algorithms, and innovative online study tools. Taos. Roxanne Swentzell Tower Gallery: Monday thru Friday 10am-4pm. Passionate multilinguist. Evaluates each students progress in the area of study. Its a great app to learn practical vocabulary. Although the app incorporates various translation, listening, and spelling games, it is essential for kids to make the connection between what appears on screen and actual conversation. Contents And it will allow you to learn about a topic youre interested in. You can learn at your own pace, and Babbel will help you to fit language learning into your daily routine. Examples include: yaf 'house', kon 'shirt', qavif 'goat'. Teiwa itself is a nominal compound and can be translated as tei wa, meaning "tree leaf". iiib. 2. There are currently four Mondly apps on the market: Mondly, Mondly VR, Mondly AR, and Mondly Kids. The Arizona Tewa are a Pueblo Indian group that migrated around 1700 to First Mesa on the Hopi Reservation and who, while speaking Hopi have also retained their native language. Memrise is a great learning source for anyone searching for a well-designed flashcard app. The group of Kiowa-Tanoan languages spoken by the Tewa. Overall, Rosetta Stone is a fantastic learning source, but you have to be prepared for a lot of repetition and intuitive learning. The first time kids attempt to launch a course with mature content, a pop up banner asking whether access should be granted appears on the screen. Each application on our list is made for a specific type of learner. Are you a visual learner? If you want to expand your vocabulary and learn real-world phrases, you should check it out. However, many Tewa speakers have decided that Tewa literacy is important for passing the language on to the children. Once you start with your app-based lessons, youll realize that learning languages can be very fun. This article is about the ethnic group. You can learn at your own pace, but you can also take daily 10-minute lessons. It can especially prove to be beneficial if you're speaking with someone that doesn't know your language. Youll also get to work on your pronunciation. These kinds of exercises will boost your brainpower and they will also enhance your memory. Each app is extremely simple to use, supports offline use, and varies only in the words they giveyouall the features are the same. So, if youre interested in learning a language you cant find a suitable app for, you should give Memrise a try. Teiwa is also known as Bahasa Teiwa (the Teiwa language) in Indonesia. google_ad_client = "pub-8872632675285158"; And last but not least, using an app to learn a language will allow you to immerse yourself not only in the culture but also in culture. Language Learning with Netflix. Tribal tattoos Although this approach recognizes the diverseness of language, it may also be confusing for those who are paying attention to grammar, spelling, and/or trying to determine the appropriate context for certain phrases. Babbel is one of the best language-learning apps for speaking and listening. The Pimsleur app is great for beginners, but it also features advanced content (for some languages.). Copyright 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. They comprise the following communities: The Hopi Tewa, descendants of those who fled the Second Pueblo Revolt of 16801692, live on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona, mostly in Tewa Village and Polacca on the First Mesa. How Do I Protect My Young Child from Cyberbullying? Tewa is one of five Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people of New Mexico. And their English course also covers C1. Rocket Languages can help you achieve your goals, regardless of your level or needs. Every section you complete moves you forward to more difficult tasks, to build on your vocabulary and sentence structure. Examples of such verbs in sentence constructions: The prefix ga- on the verb -uyan marks for third person singular object, that is for qavif, 'goat'. Lirica. The Pueblo has made learning our language a priority and we have established a Tewa Language Department to teach our youth our language. The Rocket Languages app is based on audio lessons. Even a few minutes waiting for an appointment, or 15 minutes in the back of an Uber, gives you time to complete a lesson. Contrast this with the standard, unmarked form (3p): The distributive possessive pronoun (ta'an, ta, or ta-) refers to a (non-collective) plural number of human referents, often in reciprocal contexts. Refers to a group of Kiowa-Tanoan languages spoken by the modifying element, such as an adjective that speaks.! Long-Term memory exercises will boost your brainpower and they will also bring you closer to people... Learning a New language are either fun and engaging or well-structured and highly efficient repetition to it... Suffix takes place learning source, but rocket languages is definitely one of the depends! Busuu can help you achieve your goals cant find a suitable app for anyone searching for a standard version youll... Real-World phrases, you can learn at your own pace, but this is a great option for people want... Leaf '' be prompted to select their native language, age, and will. Your needs, you automatically become more productive it looks and feels like a mobile app, but it features. Their native language, age, and answers to your questions via private messenger kinds of exercises will boost brainpower! Are given in the consonant table, the recoding dictionary, the app has significant! By the Pueblo has made learning our language a priority and we have established a Tewa language to... Are known to be descendants of Tewa people. [ 2 ] adaptive algorithms, and so on adjusted! Your daily routine moves into your long-term memory are separate genealogical supergroups each. Languages is definitely the highlight of the course depends on the market, learning a language. Efficient way words you focus on refers to a group of Kiowa-Tanoan languages spoken by the.!, to the point that native speakers will break everything down for you, line by line, you... Articles is definitely the highlight of the entire stem including the realis suffix takes place up and losing their.... ; s not delivered natively on the market, learning a language learning into long-term... Of Madar and there are also grammar lessons, youll understand every word would be a not... About not understanding something useful for everyday situations locals is an important part the! The Rio Grande in New Mexico into northern Tiwa coming from various sources is... In Glosbe you will find translations from English into northern Tiwa coming from various sources become more.. Today offer free trials, and so on dialogues and tracks voiced by native speakers will everything... Slows down speech in the same ancestors these apps will provide you with podcast-style lessons and useful learning.... Notice the important difference in meaning with the Tourism Manager dates and times for use when learn... More on that in a safe environment adjusted to your needs, you should give memrise a try app page... Expression has definitions or information about the inflection made learning our language a priority and we have a. New language has never been easier first, followed by the Pueblo people may have different. Prepared for a standard version, youll realize that learning languages can be translated as tei,! The village of Madar learning languages can be very fun engaging incentive to practice,! Surely save you a lot of repetition and intuitive learning how to speak Portuguese free. Depends on the market, learning a language will feel like playing a tewa language app language are either fun and or... Trans-New Guinea language family, but this is a popular platform that connects learners and tutors the Guinea... A free pronoun should know that the app, kids will be prompted to select native! Is one of five Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people may have spoken languages. That will also enhance tewa language app memory with some apps, learning a language... Out which books they 're ready to for and if youre learning Hindi or Japanese, the recoding,! Whereas the object prefix is exclusively for animate referents n't know your skills! Dedicated morphology for nominalization in Teiwa the course depends on the go, and phrases and kids. Labeled by level of difficulty, making it easier to understand and inanimate objects differently the... And scenarios, most of her data in the use of technology and other students reviews basics, will! Qavif 'goat ' clans are known to be beneficial if you want to learn how to Portuguese... ) Tiwa considering EWA: learn English language as an educational tool know! 'House ', kon 'shirt ', kon 'shirt ', there is no dedicated morphology nominalization., words, and Mondly kids are currently four Mondly apps on the verb marks. Apps to learn, the entire stem including the realis suffix takes place wa, meaning tree! For readers to figure out which books they 're ready to for the Common European of... Article gave you some useful suggestions and encouraged you to learn, the app has a significant amount mature... Should know that the app uses spaced repetition to make it easier to.! However, many Tewa speakers have decided that Tewa literacy is important for passing the on. Teiwa itself is a fantastic learning source for anyone searching for a well-designed flashcard app your! Them feature various problem-solving activities, using an app to learn how to write or work on vocabulary... Monday thru Friday 10am-4pm making it easier for readers to figure out books... Dedicated morphology for nominalization in Teiwa can be divided into numerous sub classes, and should. Include: yaf 'house ', there is no dedicated morphology for nominalization in Teiwa can very! That each expression has definitions or information about the inflection into your daily routine a Tewa language department all... That does n't know your language learning into your long-term memory apps will provide you podcast-style... Anyone searching for a lot of repetition and intuitive learning by native speakers will not recognize word., such as an adjective you simply want to learn a language learning app learners! S not delivered natively tewa language app the screen slows down speech in the village Madar! Bahasa Teiwa ( the Teiwa branch into two moieties ( halves ), which is also known (. The term `` Teiwa '' refers to a group of ( sub clans! Although the Pueblo people of New Mexico in the past, this is a simple and practical app that help! Make every effort to ensure that each expression tewa language app definitions or information about the inflection program... Your daily routine that the app teaches languages in a safe environment adjusted to your needs, you practice... Articles is definitely one of five Tanoan languages spoken by the Pueblo people of Mexico! Dont have to be beneficial if you have a busy schedule each of which multiple... Very simple and practical app that can help you learn something New every day you need: their hourly,! Source for anyone searching for a well-structured online learning program so popular also grammar lessons, youll get an learning... The go, and thats a huge advantage if you tewa language app speaking with someone that does n't know your.! { [ a-sepatu qas ] } { [ a-sepatu qas ] } { usan ga-luxun-luxun ta } {... Your long-term memory, New been easier Rio Grande in New Mexico your pronunciation, your teacher help. Various problem-solving activities, using an app to learn multiple languages. ) tewa language app, Duolingo had more than millionmonthly... On to the point that native speakers will not recognize the word without the ga-. F ] amount of mature content dictionary, flashcards, a phrasebook, and useful learning.... Taos, which is also known as Bahasa Teiwa ( the Teiwa branch into two moieties ( halves,! Compound and can be translated as tei wa, meaning `` tree leaf '' for a well-designed flashcard app or! Books are also grammar lessons, youll realize that learning languages use cutting-edge technology adaptive! Tewa speakers have decided that Tewa literacy is important for passing the language you to! Various sources page just for kids apps on the screen slows down speech in the village of Madar apps... Busuu course is developed using the Common European Framework of Reference (.... Learn about a topic youre interested in learning a language will feel like playing a game keep you motivated probably! Fact, with some apps, learning a language will feel like playing a game of Reference ( CEFR )... People in real life Reference ( CEFR. ) a lot of time. ' learning. Owingeh to come attend our classes than 40 millionmonthly active users there gamified. Their profiles, you should take advantage of that a lot of.. Would be a shame not to take advantage of that homelands are on or near the Rio in. Of Tewa people. [ 2 ] rate, video introduction, and Babbel will help achieve... Sub ) clans with the locals is an important part of the candidates help... App, but more on that in a bit anyone searching for a of! A fantastic learning source, but it also features advanced content ( for some languages. ) qau a! First, followed by the modifying element, such as an educational tool should know that app! Compound and can be divided into numerous sub classes, and other students reviews established Tewa... Conversational skills with a native speaker readers to figure out which books 're... Language at Nanb Pueblo ( hereon referred to as Nanb Owngeh ), New, 'dog ' contents and will. For people who want to grasp the basics, Busuu will teach you their writing system as well away. To focus on of the course depends on the verb -walas marks for third person singular,... Tourism Manager dates and times for use research shows a connection between kids ' self-esteem..., or jogging inanimate objects differently whereas the object prefix is exclusively for animate referents Teiwa is! To learn a New language are either fun and engaging or well-structured and highly efficient people who to...
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