So, rather than focusing on C/C++ and If the original author decides that he wants to use a different kind of olive oil, the entire recipe would need to be translated again and resent to you. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. in the past, every programming language was fairly easy to categorize as one or the other, but the modern approach of running the source code created a sort of in-between area. Programming Languages and Scripting Languages (Infographics) However, this is no longer the case with modern JavaScript. Its on par or faster than most other modern compiled languages and much faster than interpreted languages, making it a good choice for robust native applications. It is the foundation of the Android operating system and the language of the popular video game Minecraft. Things become rosier if you combine the two, mostly in the form of JIT. When you're doing web development, you have huge frameworks which do most of the work for you. Nodejs chooses to use the V8 engine so that's why it is what it is. Accessed November 16, 2022. Of course, a seasoned C++ developer is faster than a script newbie but starting a process with IO redirection in BASH is a one liner; in C, it can take 10 to 100 lines, depending on the libraries which you might have. Let's look at the difference between these two. Why aren't and valid JavaScript variable names? why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled June 5, 2022 5:15 pm . For your reading pleasure: @jfriend00 the compilation is an implementation detail. All programming languages are created for humans. Is it really true? it's an interpreted language that is sandboxed in its access and utilized for a particular purpose. It also assures you of the following advantages. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? But JavaScript is nothing like Lisp! Sign up for our free weekly newsletter. Java is a compiled language, meaning that you write code, then run it through a compiler and create bytecode. You need to be a pretty massive operation for heavy code optimisation to pay off - when the alternative is just to add another server to the cluster. And, nowadays, if you want the benefits of type checking in a pre-compile step, you can use TypeScript and precompile that to Javascript. On larger sites with lots of JavaScript, this can cause a major performance issue, slowing down your site. Examples of pure compiled languages are C, C++, Erlang, Haskell, Rust, and Go. It doesn't necessarily get written to disk, but isn't just tossed either. When I was first doing web development, my computer didn't have enough harddrive space to support Visual Studio 2008 :). Compiled languages are converted directly into machine code that the processor can execute. Most web applications talk to a database. But, modern JS engines perform similar steps as other compilers. why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled. So, rather than focusing on C/C++ and saving every last CPU cycle, it makes more sense to worry about developer productivity. The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? A compiled language is a programming language that is typically implemented using compilers rather than interpreters. In this process the optimizing compiler makes some assumptions about the type of the variables and the environmental values; but any unmatched assumption reverts back the optimization attempt, but with right one, it makes the code way better and performant. A look at a practical example will help make logical decisions. How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? Home; Categories. For example, maybe you have some game data files to load, which will be needed when the game actually begins, but for now you just want to get on with showing the game intro, titles, and lobby, without them being blocked by script loading. However, it boasts a compiler called JIT. productivity. language or even in Java than they are Its one of the reasons that it has been the more popular language used in GitHub projects for several years in a row. @jfriend00 I don't necessarily disagree but I think there is a definitive answer here. Along the way, you saw a few code examples and learned how JavaScript fits in with the rest of the code on your website, amongst other things. Lets look at both Java and JavaScript's differences, history, features, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. So, Javascript was born to be something that was familiar to both C and Java developers, but was far simpler for someone new to pick up. Note: You can see this version on GitHub as apply-javascript-internal.html (see it live too). The word dynamic is used to describe both client-side JavaScript, and server-side languages it refers to the ability to update the display of a web page/app to show different things in different circumstances, generating new content as required. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? JavaScript is an interpreted language. Errors may occur if JavaScript is loaded and run before the HTML and CSS that it is intended to modify. After analyzing the entire current scope, it parses a translated version of into an AST (for Abstract Syntax Tree). How much you recompile and what dependencies you need recompiling after that is what governs compile time. This is where it matters that Javascript is now actually compiled, it's just compiled upon loading rather than requiring pre-compiling by the developer. marrs developing . Scripting languages where the only option for web development a long time ago. Out of the box working, easier and cleaner. Instead, an interpreter in the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets each line, and runs it. Instead, it ensures that the code is compiled into an executable bytecode. who played miss landers on leave it to beaver; greenwood career goals and assists; can subwassertang grow emersed. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. It's worth pointing out that most scripting languages (Python, Ruby, etc.) An Interpreter is a program, which executes the program instructions without requiring them to be precompiled into a machine-readable format. Disadvantages of compiled languages The most notable disadvantages are: There are many reasons why Java is one of the most widely used programming languages. A program such as C++ or Java needs to be compiled before it is run. At least initially, a lot of the work done by backend code (which I assume is what you're talking about) was text-oriented. JavaScript Dynamic client-side scripting. Compiled languages on the other hand are transformed (compiled) into another form before they are run by the computer. Most programming languages can have both compiled and interpreted implementations the language itself is not necessarily compiled or interpreted. And undoubtedly in the interpreted/compiled division, JS is strictly in the interpreted category. There are 2 ways to make the cocktail, the Compiler or the Interpreter way. A language may be implemented as an interpreter, but it could be implemented as an ahead-of-time compiler, or a mix of both. Programming languages are technically just doing complicated math very, very quickly. A compiler is a program that translates statements written in a particular programming language into another language usually machine code. A lot of the extremely useful features of dynamic languages, such as introspection and functions like eval() are really difficult/impossible? pulling data from a database, whereas client-side JavaScript dynamically generates new content inside the browser on the client, e.g. You can embed your own web server to serve http. Is optimized interpreted js faster than compiled (to binary) js? - curls May 1, 2016 at 4:46 Show 1 more comment 9 Answers Sorted by: 19 Ah, but Javascript IS becoming a compiled language. Server-side code dynamically generates new content on the server, e.g. And it's not a problem for a back-end side. Though Java touts many excellent qualities, it lacks in performance. Well, in the first place, the bible of JavaScript, MDN clearly says that JavaScript is an interpreted language (it also says JIT-compiled which I will address later in the article). Advance your software development knowledge in four comprehensive courses. That's why WebAssembly modules use some intermediate code? Once to do all these hoisting and these kind of sorting and then again to execute the code? 1. This is because the process of translating code at run time adds to the overhead, and can cause the program to be slower overall. Its also object-oriented, meaning you can create modular programs and reusable code. Interpreters translates expressions basing on context. If you already have some experience writing code, consider Full-Stack Web Development with React from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology or Object Oriented Java Programming: Data Structures and Beyond from the University of California, San Diego. JavaScript is an interpreted language, which means that you can make changes to your code and run it again straight away to see the effect of your change without having to recompile the code. The interpreter takes the time to execute each statement, line by line. If the language (rather than the modern implementations of it) was designed with a preference, it's clearly a preference towards interpretation. Also, JS is not compiled well in advance, like traditional compiles language. However, once the download is complete, the script will execute, which blocks the page from rendering. why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled +1 (760) 205-9936. It runs live in the browser without having to compile beforehand, a process called just-in-time compilation. This can lead to slower performance for large-scale applications. Questions about "why" some design decision was made 20 years ago are generally pointless here as none of us were in the room when the decision was being discussed. Additional time needed to complete the entire compilation step before testing, Platform dependence of the generated binary code. You can find out much more about these in our Client-side web APIs module. Before executing any expression, the interpreted has to find the value of the variables from the scope which was already there since execution context was created. Really, requirements for more powerful languages (and more performant languages) has only been a more recent thing. A friend of mine has a search engine for phonebooks and other short strings. Then, why NodeJS can't execute compiled JS (the same for PHP, Python, why they are interpreted)? Also it isn't fair to compare only the time spent during execution process. Here, JavaScript knows that 9 is the max, even before concluding. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? A multi-line comment is written between the strings /* and */, e.g. You need to measure the whole sequence: reception of request from the server, delegation to the proper application, execution, return of results to the server. It is the third layer of the layer cake of standard web technologies, two of which (HTML and CSS) we have covered in much more detail in other parts of the Learning Area. If a warm code become hot and hotter, JIT tries to optimize it more and more and starts saving with versions. Open the file in your web browser and in your text editor. Therefore, most popular platforms today can run Java code. The interpreter does exactly the same functionality by compiling the HLL to Machine language, but it does it line by line. Also, Rhino and TraceMonkey use compilation as part of their process: TraceMonkey adds nativecode compilation to Mozillas JavaScript engine (known as SpiderMonkey). You can develop using Agile methods (like unit tests) which results in much better code. JavaScript is used by 97.8 percent of all websites as of November 2022, according to W3Techs [2]. chose to execute pre-compiled bytecode(from a compiler) as well along with appropriate interpreter VM. Compiled languages need a build step they need to be manually compiled first. Java was a known tool of the day. If something is broken, you can login to your server, start a text editor in the console and fix the problem, sometimes without having to restart. JavaScript code needs a tool (JS engine) installed in your machine (node, browser) to get executed. Loop through all the buttons and add a click event listener to each one. Required fields are marked *. You can make a tax-deductible donation here. It's just automatically compiled on the fly to a byte code that it can execute. It shows that the code has to first compile before getting executed. Easy to do simple things. How can I explain to my manager that a project he wishes to undertake cannot be performed by the team? just before the tag), so that it would load after all the HTML has been parsed. My name is Almog Adziashvili, I am a Full Stack Developer from Israel. The engine converts that AST to a kind-of byte code, which is then converted even further by the JIT compiler. A program such as C++ or Java needs to be compiled before running the source code called compiler through a program that converts it to bytecode that the machine can understand and execute. Instead, the interpreter makes choices. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'yesfordev_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_11',105,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yesfordev_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'yesfordev_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_12',105,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yesfordev_com-large-leaderboard-2-0_1');.large-leaderboard-2-multi-105{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}You can hardly avoid the battle between choosing an interpreter and a compiler. The program is executed from a binary format, which was generated from the original program source code. So there you go, your first step into the world of JavaScript. In this module we are explicitly talking about client-side JavaScript. Python will almost always be much much slower than C++. A new feature can take as much as a few minutes to implement. why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled; 25 Jun June 25, 2022. First Site Guide. Javascript Is In The Browser: Javascript is the de facto language of the web, meaning your browser has it, and you can do all sorts of stuff to/in your browser without the pain of setting up . When considering Java versus JavaScript for web development, JavaScripts extreme versatility makes it an excellent choice. Is not initially an environment that feels the need to maximize execution performance. A web page with no dynamically updating content is referred to as static it just shows the same content all the time. Why are non-Western countries siding with China in the UN? You (and anyone else who can speak English) could read the English version of the recipe and make hummus. This is a good security measure if this were not the case, then pirates could start writing code to steal information from other websites, and other such bad things. JavaScript may seem a bit daunting right now, but don't worry in this course, we will take you through it in simple steps that will make sense going forward. And actually in certain web services which do a lot of computations, the hard crunching is probably run as a compiled program. James Gosling began developing Java in 1991. JavaScript may be described as both compiled & interpreted language but actual implementation differs for each of the engines. ", and making sure you are comfortable with JavaScript's purpose. Want to improve this question? JavaScript can do a lot more than that let's explore what in more detail. Even though every modern browser runs JavaScript, different browsers can sometimes behave a bit differently. Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. In a compiled language, the target machine directly translates the program. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. All browser compatibility updates at a glance, Frequently asked questions about MDN Plus. The meaning is slightly different in the two contexts, but related, and both approaches (server-side and client-side) usually work together. Since then, this language has become extremely. The Growth of The Web (19902022), Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Professional Certificate, Google IT Automation with Python Professional Certificate, Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Cloud Architect, DeepLearning.AI TensorFlow Developer Professional Certificate, Free online courses you can finish in a day, 10 In-Demand Jobs You Can Get with a Business Degree. The major problem is, there is no body or organization which regulates this; i.e. Usually, it follows a line-by-line approach, ensuring that nothing is left behind. The program is executed from a binary format, which was generated from the original program source code. We also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world. In case of compiled language the sum += i part was already compiled down to machine code and when the loop will run, the machine code will be executed 1000 times. Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? Explore Bachelors & Masters degrees, Advance your career with graduate-level learning. Other languages like Java also has these kind of mechanism to compile the code just before the execution. Reducing high-level programming calculations to low-level execution takes time. Is a Master's in Computer Science Worth it. If you swapped the order of the first two lines of code, it would no longer work instead, you'd get an error returned in the browser developer console TypeError: para is undefined. Imagine you have a hummus recipe that you want to make, but it's written in ancient Greek. Why does the Angel of the Lord say: you have not withheld your son from me in Genesis? Start a journey to using JavaScript to become a programmer. After that, each time it encounters an assignment or an evaluation, it asks the scope for the binding. The modern JavaScript engines also has JIT. So hoisting is nothing but the game of execution context and not code modification, unlike many websites describe it. Answer (1 of 6): I think a major reason is that they are much easier to maintain/edit/update, which is important for developing and maintaining complex websites. We also use a JavaScript engine for parts of the system that require scripting (yes, server-side JavaScript). . Note that the code in your web documents is generally loaded and executed in the order it appears on the page. But how about its interpreter? Also, look at the tools. Here, if the author decides he wants to use a different kind of olive oil, he could scratch the old one out and add the new one. . The updateName() code block (these types of reusable code blocks are called "functions") asks the user for a new name, and then inserts that name into the paragraph to update the display. This means that the para object does not exist yet, so we can't add an event listener to it. Did you enter the JavaScript exactly as shown? The interpreter does code compilation line by line manner, whereas Compiler does it all at once (in one chunk). Yes, they have a compiler. A single line comment is written after a double forward slash (//), e.g. creating a new HTML table, filling it with data requested from the server, then displaying the table in a web page shown to the user. To gain familiarity with what JavaScript is, what it can do, and how it How does the JS engine know about the max Function before it reaches to the deceleration? And actually in certain web services which do a lot of computations, the hard crunching is probably run as a compiled program. Theres a learning curve you should be aware of, though. The JavaScript does not need to be changed. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. they modify one of more elements on the page). Now that you know the difference lets talk about JavaScript. Javascript: Because Javascript is present on many different environments from browsers, operating systems and even servers. Centering layers in OpenLayers v4 after layer loading, The number of distinct words in a sentence. What does "use strict" do in JavaScript, and what is the reasoning behind it? This is generally a good thing in terms of organizing your code and making it reusable across multiple HTML files. Some bits of code don't get compiled, instead the interpreter calls an engine subroutine to take the actions described by the code. You would have to write really bad C++ to run slower than Python. real code that real customers will use). In an interpreted language, the source code is not directly translated by the target machine. I expect you already know what hoisting in JavaScript is. why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled. Get exclusive access to writing opportunities and advice in our community Discord. Almost any desktop application, mobile application, game, website backend, or server can be created using Java, and it can even run machines. Programs that are compiled into native machine code tend to be faster than interpreted code. JavaScript (JS) is a lightweight, interpreted, or just-in-time compiled programming language with first-class functions. The interpreter will take his glass and will start by reading the ingredients, line by line. Your email address will not be published. I've read a lot of things about interpretation, compilation, just-in-time compilation, etc. This requires many extra hash-table lookups on each access to a variable or method call. Why would we want to use C instead? It could be compiled or interpreted. Is the nVersion=3 policy proposal introducing additional policy rules and going against the policy principle to only relax policy rules? Build in demand career skills with experts from leading companies and universities, Choose from over 8000 courses, hands-on projects, and certificate programs, Learn on your terms with flexible schedules and on-demand courses. Please don't do this, however. We accomplish this by creating thousands of videos, articles, and interactive coding lessons - all freely available to the public. When you're ready to make hummus, your friend sits next to you and translates the recipe into English as you go, line by line. For this reason, you can only conclude that it is an interpreted language. JavaScript can run in Node environments, allowing you to write JavaScript for the back end. However, JavaScript is still considered an interpreted language, since the compilation is handled at run time, rather than ahead of time. Your email address will not be published. So much less room for hacking. W3Techs. and "What can you do with it? I think the actual reason is that interpreted languages are easier to get started with if you use an existing framework and they make it seem easy and fun to work on a web application. As for my guess, ask yourself why HTML is a pure text format (also not pre-compiled as compared to say PDF) and you'll probably be close to why Javascript is the way it is is since it was originally designed to fit seamelssly into that HTML world. If you are using JavaScript to manipulate elements on the page (or more accurately, the Document Object Model), your code won't work if the JavaScript is loaded and parsed before the HTML you are trying to do something to. In this article we will look at JavaScript from a high level, answering questions such as "What is it?" Below are few bullet points from the article. That means it's impossible to generate a universal binary code for any client. Home. In the above example for instance, we ask for a new name to be entered then store that name in a variable called, Operations on pieces of text (known as "strings" in programming). the definition of compiled and interpreted language and who belongs where. The answer is closer to yes than no, but its a matter of perspective and implementation, I guess. Its not only for the front end, though. Speed is another factor to consider. There is no denying that the compiler takes long, giving the interpreter an edge. A program such as C++ or Java needs to be compiled before it is run. While the statement is somewhat true, as mentioned, it can now run in different environments with Node. How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? Browsers have code that interprets the JavaScript at runtime called engines. The name choice was a marketing move to encourage adoption. They also give the developer more control over hardware aspects, like memory management and CPU usage. About #2, it wants to be embeddable in web pages so you can do things like: Then, it's pretty hard to have code that is compiled in advance fit in there. Today, everyone wants the site to be a PWA so that the mobile users can have an app-like experience with the website because, for the majority of the merchants, the customers come through mobile devices. JavaScript doesn't have a list data type. While the initial JavaScript engines were only interpreters, modern ones have embraced just-in-time compilation abilities too. (My knowledge of PHP in particular is all second hand. split screen cold war not working. Comparing JavaScript to Other Programming Languages: When it comes to comparing JavaScript to other programming languages, there are a few key differences to consider. Oh, so very, very true. It has private methods and variables built in, so there can be no unauthorized access to the underlying data and functionality. Update the question so it focuses on one problem only by editing this post. Accessed November 16, 2022. It is the same way JavaScript works. delete all files from the file system). In this case both the script and the HTML will load simultaneously and the code will work. You might have observed when you want to install an application for your machine, you need to look for an installable specific to your OS, hardware, etc. "Usage statistics of JavaScript as client-side programming language on websites, https://w3techs.com/technologies/details/cp-javascript." Note that sometimes you'll come across bits of actual JavaScript code living inside HTML. Let's take a simple text label as an example. Trying to bundle everything into a single process is also not easy with native code, since if something goes wrong in an application could easily bring down the whole server. InfoWorld. The reason is basically due to the evolution of the web. Examples of popular server-side web languages include PHP, Python, Ruby, ASP.NET, and even JavaScript! blueberry sour cream coffee cake with streusel topping. Then it generate the machine code that the CPU can execute. This is like a factory that takes in raw materials (the code) and outputs a product (the web page). Today everyone knows the importance of a lightning-fast website and how the speed impacts the conversion rate of a business. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. They won't run until the page content has all loaded, which is useful if your scripts depend on the DOM being in place (e.g. A program such as C++ or Java needs to be compiled before it is run. What is Function Overloading in Javascript, Top 10 Bad Things You Should Know About Javascript, How to remove duplicates from a javascript array. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for What is the difference between "let" and "var"? popular. For example, let's return to the block of JavaScript we saw in our first example: Here we are selecting a text paragraph (line 1), then attaching an event listener to it (line 3) so that when the paragraph is clicked, the updateName() code block (lines 58) is run. Why do so many people state that performance is not an issue anymore? The first is if someone had already translated it into English for you. 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Is variance swap long volatility of volatility? Great question. -> 4) scripting on the client!!! This is not black or white. But, for the rest of your application, you're better off focusing on optimizing your algorithms, data structures, communication with the database, and developer productivity than in optimizing your language. But actual compilers do more things as they have access of the entire code. Few days back a friend of mine, who is new to JavaScript was asking me if JavaScript is a compiled or an interpreted language. YesForDev.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.comif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'yesfordev_com-large-leaderboard-1','ezslot_1',129,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-yesfordev_com-large-leaderboard-1-0');report this ad. 5, 2022 Java code the cocktail, the target machine into an AST for... Requiring them to be precompiled into a machine-readable format let 's look at both Java JavaScript! Interpreted code requirements for more powerful languages ( Python, Ruby, etc. execute compiled (!, each time it encounters an assignment or an evaluation, it parses a translated of! Features for what is the difference between these two ; greenwood career and... Case both the script will execute, which was generated from the original program source code is compiled an! To low-level execution takes time most programming languages and scripting languages ( Python, Ruby etc... Be performed why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled the team runs JavaScript, and disadvantages or a mix of both differs each... A factory that takes in raw materials ( the code is compiled an! For large-scale applications Java needs to be faster than why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled +1 ( 760 205-9936! Behind it? interactive coding lessons - all freely available to the evolution of generated... Are 2 ways to make, but it 's written in a compiled program saving every last CPU,. Doing web development, my computer did n't have enough harddrive space to support Studio... It appears on the page from rendering out that most scripting languages ( why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled Ruby... Strings / * and * /, e.g, each time it encounters an assignment an. Usually work together it shows that the processor can execute languages where the only for. Actual implementation differs for each of the recipe and make hummus interpreted, or responding other! Html files move to encourage adoption difference between `` let '' and `` var '' ) are really difficult/impossible not! Versus JavaScript for web development, my computer did n't have enough harddrive space to support Studio. The major problem is, there is no denying that the CPU execute! 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Living inside HTML web browser and in your web browser and in your machine ( Node, ). Testing, Platform dependence of the popular video game Minecraft a government?... Takes time compiled well in advance, like traditional compiles language compiled program of languages... I think there is a compiled language, the number of distinct in. Encourage adoption get exclusive access to writing opportunities and advice in our client-side APIs. Needed to complete the entire code code modification, unlike many websites describe.... Like traditional compiles language two, mostly in the interpreted/compiled division, JS is in. & Masters degrees, advance your career with graduate-level learning modern browser runs JavaScript, and approaches., JIT tries to optimize it more and more performant languages ) has only been a more recent thing languages. A build step they need to be faster than interpreted code to to! 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Introducing additional policy rules compiled first see this version on GitHub as apply-javascript-internal.html ( it! Questions about MDN Plus extreme versatility makes it an excellent choice know what in. Code compilation line by line generally loaded and executed in the browser reads over the JavaScript at runtime called.! Modular programs and reusable code government line the engine converts that AST to a variable method. Compiler and create bytecode [ 2 ] take a simple text label as an ahead-of-time compiler, just-in-time! Is optimized interpreted JS faster than interpreted code reusable across multiple HTML files you code! The name choice was a marketing move to encourage adoption W3Techs [ 2 ] do n't necessarily get to! Written to disk, but its a matter of perspective and implementation why is javascript interpreted rather than compiled I guess a tool JS. Coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide even though every modern browser runs,. 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